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Emulsion Formation and Stability PDF

515 Pages·2013·10.074 MB·English
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LaurierL.Schramm Emulsions,Foams,Suspensions,and Aerosols RelatedTitles Chen,X.,Fuchs,H.(eds.) Tadros,T.F.(ed.) NanotechnologywithSoft EmulsionFormationand Matter Stability FromStructuretoFunction 2013 PrintISBN:978-3-527-31991-6 2015 PrintISBN:978-3-527-33722-4 Holik,H.(ed.) Ghosh,S.K.(ed.) HandbookofPaperandBoard FunctionalCoatingsby 2ndEdition PolymerMicroencapsulation 2013 PrintISBN:978-3-527-33184-0 2ndEdition 2015 Butt,H.,Graf,K.,Kappl,M. PrintISBN:978-3-527-33320-2 PhysicsandChemistryof Sarker,D. Interfaces PharmaceuticalEmulsions-A 3rdEdition DrugDeveloper’sToolbag 2013 PrintISBN:978-3-527-41216-7 2013 Print-ISBN:978-0-470-97683-8 Schramm,Laurier NanotechnologyfromA-ZC 2014 Print-ISBN:978-3-527-33728-6 LaurierL.Schramm Emulsions, Foams, Suspensions, and Aerosols MicroscienceandApplications 2ndEdition TheAuthor AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors, Dr.LaurierL.Schramm editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe SaskatchewanResearchCouncil informationcontainedinthesebooks, 15InnovationBlvd. includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors. Saskatoon,SK,S7N2X8 Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat Canada statements,data,illustrations,procedural detailsorotheritemsmayinadvertently beinaccurate. LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavail- ablefromtheBritishLibrary. Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe DeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothek liststhispublicationintheDeutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographicdataareavailableonthe Internetat <http://dnb.d-nb.de>. ©2014Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co. KGaA,Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim, Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).Nopart ofthisbookmaybereproducedinany form–byphotoprinting,microfilm,or anyothermeans–nortransmittedor translatedintoamachinelanguagewith- outwrittenpermissionfromthepublish- ers.Registerednames,trademarks,etc. usedinthisbook,evenwhennotspecif- icallymarkedassuch,arenottobecon- sideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintISBN:978-3-527-33706-4 ePDFISBN:978-3-527-67949-2 ePubISBN:978-3-527-67948-5 MobiISBN:978-3-527-67950-8 oBookISBN:978-3-527-67947-8 Cover-Design Grafik-DesignSchulz, Fußgönheim,Germany Typesetting LaserwordsPrivateLimited, Chennai,India PrintingandBindingMarkonoPrint MediaPteLtd,Singapore Printedonacid-freepaper V ToAnnMarie,Katherine,Victoria,WilliamandJoan VII Contents Preface XV AbouttheAuthor XVII Acknowledgements XIX 1 Introduction 1 1.1 FromtheColloidalStatetoNanotechnology 1 1.1.1 Microscience,Colloids,NanoscienceandNanotechnology 4 1.2 ClassificationofEmulsions,Foams,SuspensionsandAerosols 6 1.2.1 Emulsions 6 1.2.2 Foams 9 1.2.3 Suspensions 11 1.2.4 Aerosols 14 1.2.5 Hybrids 17 1.3 CharacterizationandStability 17 References 18 2 DispersionandDispersedSpeciesCharacterization 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 SurfaceArea,Surfaces,PorosityandPermeability 23 2.2.1 SurfaceArea 23 2.2.2 Surfaces 27 2.2.3 Porosity 28 2.2.4 Permeability 29 2.3 SizeandSizeDistribution 30 2.3.1 Microscopy 31 2.3.2 FiltrationandSieving 36 2.3.3 RadiationScattering 38 2.3.4 Ultramicroscopy 42 2.3.5 OtherTechniques 42 2.4 Conductivity 43 2.4.1 DispersedPhaseIdentification 43 2.4.2 SensingZoneTechniques 44 2.4.3 ConductivityofDispersions 45 VIII Contents 2.5 Sedimentation,CreamingandCentrifugation 46 2.5.1 SedimentationandCreaming 46 2.5.2 CentrifugationandUltracentrifugation 53 2.6 CharacterizationofEmulsions 56 2.6.1 AppearanceandEmulsionType 56 2.6.2 ExperimentalAssessmentofEmulsionStability 58 2.6.3 Composition 59 2.7 CharacterizationofFoams 60 2.7.1 AppearanceandFoamType 60 2.7.2 ExperimentalAssessmentofFoamStability 62 2.8 CharacterizationofSuspensions 66 2.8.1 ChemicalandSurfaceAnalysis 66 2.8.2 ExperimentalAssessmentofSuspensionStability 66 2.9 CharacterizationofAerosols 67 2.9.1 AerosolComposition,Concentration,SizeandCharge 67 2.9.2 AerosolProcessesandStability 74 References 78 3 InterfacialEnergetics 85 3.1 SurfaceArea 85 3.2 SurfaceandInterfacialTensions 86 3.2.1 Principles 86 3.2.2 EquationofYoung–Laplace 94 3.2.3 Measurement 94 3.2.3.1 CapillaryRise 95 3.2.3.2 WilhelmyPlate 96 3.2.3.3 duNoüyRing 97 3.2.3.4 DropWeightandVolumeMethods 98 3.2.3.5 DropShapeMethods 98 3.2.3.6 OscillatingJetMethod 98 3.2.3.7 SpinningDropMethod 101 3.2.3.8 MaximumBubbleorDropletPressureMethod 102 3.2.3.9 MicrofluidicMethods 103 3.2.4 ExperimentalResultsforDispersions 103 3.3 PressureandCurvedSurfaces 106 3.4 ContactAngleandWettability 107 3.5 SurfactantsandMicelles 114 3.5.1 SurfaceActivity 114 3.5.1.1 RetardationofEvaporationbyMonolayers 117 3.5.2 ClassificationandAnalysisofSurfactants 118 3.5.3 Micelles 120 3.5.4 SurfaceElasticity 126 3.5.5 PolymericSurfactants 129 3.6 ApplicationsofSurfaceActivity 129 3.6.1 SurfactantsandEmulsification 129

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