Empowered lives. Resilient nations.

269 Pages·2012·6.84 MB·English

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One Planet to Share
Sustaining Human Progress
in a Changing Climate
Published for the
United Nations
Development Programme
Empowered lives.
Resilient nations.
LONDON NEW YORK NEW DELHI
© 2012
by the United Nations Development Programme
UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre
United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor
Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok, Thailand
ISBN: 978-0-415-62570-8
Assigned UN sales number: E.12.III.B.2
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by
any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system without
permission in writing from the publishers.
First published in April 2012
for UNDP by Routledge
912 Tolstoy House, 15–17 Tolstoy Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi 110 001, India
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Photo credits: The separators for chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, and the Indicators feature stills from
the film Hard Rain, produced by DevTV and supported by the UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional
Centre (APRC). Photos for chapters 2 and 5 separators were original entries to an exhibition
on ‘Cities and Climate Change’, held in Bangkok to commemorate World Habitat Day 2011.
The exhibition was jointly organised by APRC and UN-HABITAT, Bangkok Office.
Typeset by
Star Compugraphics Private Limited
5, CSC, Near City Apartments
Vasundhara Enclave
Delhi 110 096
Printed and bound in India by
Nutech Photolithographers
B-240, Okhla Industrial Area
Phase-I, New Delhi 110 020
The paper used in this publication is elemental chlorine free. It is manufactured with pulp
supplied from sustainable managed forests.
UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and
drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone.
ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT TEAM
One Planet to Share
Sustaining Human Progress in a Changing Climate
Team Leader
Anuradha Rajivan
Core Team
Caroline Borchard, Elena Borsatti, Supharat Kaewkhonkaen, Rohini Kohli, Panvipa Lekluanngarm,
Niranjan Sarangi, Omar Siddique, Bishwa Nath Tiwari, Susan Wong
Statistics Team
Supharat Kaewkhonkaen, Panvipa Lekluanngarm, Niranjan Sarangi, Bishwa Nath Tiwari
Editor
Peter Stalker
Cover Designer
Rustam Vania
Publisher
Routledge, New Delhi, Taylor and Francis Group
The Human Development Report Unit
The Human Development Report Unit team members, both past and present, who worked on this
collaborative effort are Caroline Borchard, Elena Borsatti, Ramesh Gampat, Supharat Kaewkhonkaen,
Rohini Kohli, Panvipa Lekluanngarm, Pradeepa Malkanthi, Anuradha Rajivan, Niranjan Sarangi,
Ruwanthi Senarathne, Omar Siddique, Gaya Sriskanthan, Bishwa Nath Tiwari, Manoja Wickramarathne
and Susan Wong.
ABOUT THE ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
The Asia-Pacific Regional Human Development Report (APHDR) is an important resource and
instrument to explore critical development concerns. The Report informs policies and actions from
a human development perspective, putting people at the centre of development debates. As a regional
public good, the APHDR focuses on issues that are of common concern to several countries in the
region, have sensitivities that are better addressed at a regional level, or have clear cross-border dimensions,
calling attention to the fact that development challenges are no longer confined within geographic
spaces.
The APHDR is an independent intellectual exercise developed through a regional participatory process
that draws on the contributions of many. The theme for each Report is also selected through consultations
that include participants within and outside UNDP. The more nuanced focus of the Report is guided
by substantive and diverse inputs that bring together Asia-Pacific stakeholders from governments, civil
society, academia, research institutions, the media, faith-based groups, the private sector and others.
Technical sub-regional consultations are held to hear stakeholders’ perspectives and experiences relating
to the theme; to sharpen the direction and scope of specific issues; and to promote early buy-in among
the stakeholders. The stakeholders’ consultations provide wide opportunity for country representation
through participant nominations sought through UNDP country offices in the region. Multi-stakeholder
national workshops are also organised in selected countries, depending on the theme of the Report, to
promote national buy-in for the APHDR.
Technical background papers are prepared by eminent experts drawn largely from the region. An
established peer review process contributes to the quality and impartiality of the background research.
The work is enriched by a moderated discussion on the Asia-Pacific Human Development Network,
which comprises members from the region and beyond. Within the overarching framework of the
Report, sub-themes are discussed to explore some fundamental debates, promote a dialogue and
identify strategic policy solutions.
Drawing from this rich material, the Report is prepared by the Human Development Report Unit
team. The team works in close collaboration with the relevant technical team, depending on the theme
of the Report, and the regional communications team. At the preparatory stage, the emerging messages
of the Report are presented in strategic forums as early advocacy for the Report and to obtain feedback
from various stakeholders from the region. The draft Report is shared with HQ, UNDP country offices
in Asia-Pacific, technical committee members including representatives of different UN agencies,
readers’ groups including different practice teams, and the UNDP regional communication team for
their views and feedback. The review process is critical for quality assurance and also helps to strengthen
the Report’s messages.
The APHDR is disseminated widely, helping to promote dialogue and bring together the people
of Asia and the Pacific to accelerate human development and advocate for its messages across the
globe.
Contents
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Abbreviations xix
OVERVIEW 1
CHAPTER 1: The Human Cost of Climate Change 13
Asia-Pacific’s Development Dilemmas 16
The Age of Man 16
Transboundary Impacts 18
Assessing Vulnerabilities 20
Vulnerable Groups Bear the Brunt 21
Endangered Livelihoods 26
Forced to Move 27
The Health Impact 28
Resource Conflicts and Social Unrest 30
Sustaining Human Progress in the Face of Climate Change 30
CHAPTER 2: Producing for the Future 35
Greenhouse Gases from Production 37
Emissions Cost of Industry 38
Lower-Carbon Industrial Pathways 43
The Footprint of Agriculture 48
Greener Opportunities for Agriculture 49
Energy Generation and Trade-Offs 50
Push for Cleaner Energy Sources 55
Producing for the Future 60
CHAPTER 3: Fair and Balanced Consumption 63
Pressure on Food Supplies 66
Lack of Access to Energy Services 66
Changing Consumption Patterns 69
Energy for Building the Resilience of the Poor 79
Reorienting Lifestyles 81
Taking a Different Path 86
CHAPTER 4: Raising Rural Resilience 89
Rural Vulnerability to Climate Change 91
Resilient Livelihoods 95
Preparing for Greater Risks 100
Valuing Ecosystem Services 103
CONTENTS vii
Strengthening Institutions for Local Climate Change Planning 109
Towards Rural Resilience 116
CHAPTER 5: Building Greener Cities 119
Urban Vulnerability to Climate Change 122
Protecting the Poorest Residents 127
City Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 128
Tackling Urban Emissions 132
Readying Urban Institutions 137
Altering the Course of Urban Progress 142
CHAPTER 6: Planning for the Planet 145
An Agenda for Action 152
A Fainter Footprint 157
Technical Terms 159
Notes 165
Bibliography 177
BOXES
1.1 Millions of People Are Affected by Climate-Related Disasters: A Snapshot
of Recent Events in Asia 20
2.1 Enforcing Environmental Regulations in India 42
2.2 Strategic National Policies and Regulations for Adapting Low-Carbon Production 45
2.3 Nuclear Energy: Safety and Public Choice 51
2.4 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) of Developing Country Parties 59
3.1 How Climate Shocks Hit the Consumption of Rural Households 66
3.2 Values of Sustainability Provide Opportunities for Change 82
4.1 From ‘Hard’ Engineering to ‘Soft’ Ecological Restoration in the Yangtze River Basin,
China 104
4.2 The Benefits of Locally Managed Marine Areas 105
4.3 A Commitment to the Forest and Its People — REDD+ in Indonesia 107
4.4 Budgeting for Climate-Resilient Development in India 113
5.1 Urban Women and Climate Change 123
5.2 Poor Communities in Indore, India, Adapt to Flooding 124
5.3 Upgrading Slums in Thailand 127
6.1 Children Teach Their Parents 151
6.2 Developing Solutions Together: Intergovernmental Organisations in Asia-Pacific
Respond to the Climate Challenge 156
TABLES
2.1 Industrial Emissions by Fuel Use, Selected Countries, ’000 Tonnes, 2007 39
2.2 Food Production: Factors Affecting GHG Emissions 41
2.3 Overcoming Barriers to the Deployment of Energy-Efficient Technologies
and Practices 44
2.4 Agricultural GHG Emissions by Major Sources, South and East Asia, 2005 48
viii ASIA-PACIFIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT