Employment and Opportunity

227 Pages·1987·20.3 MB·English

by  Geoff Payne (auth.)

EMPLOYMENT AND OPPORTUNITY
By the same author
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH
MOBILITY AND CHANGE IN MODERN SOCIETY
Employment and
Opportunity
Geoff Payne
Dean, Faculty of Social Science
Plymouth Polytechnic
M
© Geoff Payne 1987
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Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to
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civil claims for damages.
First published 1987
Published by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Payne, Geoff
Employment and opportunity.
1. Social mobility-Great Britain
I. Title
331.12'7941 HD5717.5.G7
ISBN 978-0-333-41828-4 ISBN 978-1-349-18555-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-18555-9
To Evan
Contents
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Preface xi
1 Occupations and Mobility 1
2 The Historical and Social Context of Mobility 8
3 The Occupational Structure 35
4 Occupational Fluidity and Class Structure 60
5 Trends in Occupational Mobility 91
6 Education and Mobility 122
7 Careers, Cohorts and Classes 155
8 Mobility and Social Class 189
Appendix: Methodological Details 193
Notes 198
Bibliography 199
Author Index 206
Subject Index 208
vii
List of Figures
2.1 Population per 10 km square: a bird's eye view 13
3.1 Changes in highly skilled non-farm occupations,
1921-71 40
3.2 Changes in low-skilled non-farm occupations, 1921-71 44
3.3 Changes in intermediate-skilled non-farm occupations,
1921-71 49
3.4 Changes in farm occupations in Scotland, 1921-71 52
4.1 Distribution of origins and destination to scale 64
5.1 Diagrammatic representation of factors in changing
mobility rates 92
5.2 Five-year moving averages for non-manual employment
and mobility on first entry to labour market 95
5.3 Five-year moving averages for non-manual employment
and mobility, ten years after entry to labour market 97
5.4 Percentage sample in each of the four classes 102
5.5 Percentage of each non-manual class recruited from
manual origins 104
5.6 Percentage of total upward mobility distributed among
four classes 106
5.7 Mobility factors 107
5.8 Proportions of upward mobility in industrial sectors 108
6.1 Diagrammatic representation of education and occupa-
tions 135
7.1 Direct and indirect entry to non-manual work 159
7.2 Moving averages for five-year cohorts: proportions
entering skilled and less skilled manual first jobs 173
7.3 Moving averages for five-year cohorts: career mobility
from skilled manual first job 174
7.4 Moving averages for five-year cohorts: career mobility
from semi-skilled or unskilled manual first jobs 176
7.5 Moving averages for five-year cohorts: career mobility
from lower range non-manual first jobs 177
7.6 Moving averages for five-year cohorts: career mobility
from skilled manual first job 178
viii
List of Tables
2.1 Performance of four British industries 19
2.2 A comparison of the industrial bases of male employ-
ment in Scotland and England and Wales, 1921 and 1971 26
2.3 Industrial base, Scotland 1921, 1951, 1961, 1971 (exclud-
ing out of work)- male jobs 27
2.4 Main sectoral changes 28
3.1 Highly skilled non-farm workers (SEG 1-5) in Scotland,
~~ ~
3.2 Non-farm manual workers (SEGs 7, 9, 10 and 11) in
Scotland, by sex 43
3.3 Intermediate non-farm workers (SEGs 6, 8 and 12) in
Scotland, by sex 48
3.4 Farm occupations (SEGs 13, 14 and 15) in Scotland, by
sex 51
3.5 Shift/share analysis of occupational change: Scottish
males, 1961-71 54
3.6 Deviations between observed and expected frequencies
in Scottish SEGs 56
4.1 Intergenerational male mobility: numbers and percen-
tage inflow 65
4.2 Proportions of mobility associated with classes 66
4.3 Intergenerational outflow mobility 72
5.1 Sectoral share of upward mobility, 1930-9 and 1960-9 117
5.2 Intra-sectoral changes, 1930-9 and 1960-9 119
6.1 Type of secondary schooling 129
6.2 Type of secondary schooling and social mobility of men
born into UMC families 130
6.3 Destination of those with UMC origins by educational
success 131
6.4 Type of secondary schooling: inflows 132
6.5 Inflow to UMC by level of educational qualifications 133
6.6 Types of schooling of elite groups in various studies 139
6.7 Proportion of upmobiles: men intergenerationally
mobile from manual origins to non-manual destinations
who had 'high qualifications' 144
6.8 Proportions of mobile groups with 'high qualifications' 145
ix
X List of Tables
6.9 Percentage correct predictions of association between
qualifications and occupational status on the basis of the
tightening link hypothesis 147
6.10 Inter-industry variations in prediction rate(%) of the
tightening link thesis 149
6.11 Inter-industry variation in prediction rate of the tighten-
ing link 150
7.1 Goldthorpe's data on counterbalance: outflow percen-
tages 157
7.2 Direct and indirect entry to manual and non-manual
classes 159
7.3 Direct and indirect entry to non-manual occupations in
four cohorts 160
7.4 Percentage gross mobility/immobility, non-manual
occupational destinations 162
7.5 Entry to non-manual employment by origin class: five
industrial sectors 166
7.6 Access to non-manual occupations by cohort, sector and
origin class 168
7. 7 Mobility between first and present job for adult males
born 1909-48 184
7.8 Number of previous jobs by current industrial sector 185
A.1 The Scottish Mobility Study class schema 195