Employers' Demand for Child Labor in the Pyrotechnics and Fashion Accessories Industries in the ...

229 Pages·2006·0.75 MB·English

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• International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

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Employers’ Demand for Child Labor
in the Pyrotechnics and
Fashion Accessories Industries
in the Philippines

Employers’ Demand for Child Labor
in the Pyrotechnics and
Fashion Accessories Industries
in the Philippines
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
An ILO/IPEC–commissioned research study by a group of
social scientists from the University of the Philippines and
Ateneo de Manila University composed of Fernando
Aldaba, Karl Chua, Leonardo Lanzona, Joseph Lim,
Rosalinda Pineda-Ofreneo, and Rosario del Rosario.
Research assistance by Lourdes Gula, Alvin Firmeza, Ellen
Montecillo, Rashiel Velarde, and the PATAMABA is gratefully
acknowledged by the authors.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
International Labour Organization
December 2005
Copyright © International Labour Organization 2005
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ISBN 92-2-118161-8
Employers’ Demand for Child Labor in the Pyrotechnics and
Fashion Accessories Industries in the Philippines.
First published 2005.
(Funding for this study was provided by the United States Department of Labor.)
The designation employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations
practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any
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The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies, and contributions rest
solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the
International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.
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commercial product, or process is not a sign of disapproval.
ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many
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Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the
above address.
iv
Contents
Boxes, Tables, and Figures ..................................................................vii
Abbreviations .....................................................................................xv
Foreword ..........................................................................................xvii
Preface ..............................................................................................xix
Executive Summary .........................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction, Methodology,
and Review of Literature ................................................. 1
Rationale and Objectives of the Study .........................................1
Methodology and Conceptual Framework ................................2
Overview of Relevant Literature: Demand Factors .................8
Chapter 2 General Profile of the Pyrotechnics
and Fashion Accessories Industries ............................... 17
Pyrotechnics ....................................................................................17
Fashion Accessories .......................................................................22
Chapter 3 Personal and Economic Profile of the
Respondents and their Businesses .................................29
Profile of the Employer-Respondents ......................................29
Production Arrangements, Revenues,
Expenditures and Costs, and Peak
Months for Demand .............................................................32
Employment and Child Labor in Selected
Processes of the Two Sectors ..............................................34
Average Working Hours and Working Days ............................37
Average Piece Rates .......................................................................39
Incentives and Benefits Given to Workers .................................39
v
Chapter 4 Rating of Workers and Reasons
for Child Labor ............................................................... 41
Ranking of Age Groups and Type of Worker
According to Speed and Quality of Work ........................41
Reasons for Employing Child Labor .........................................49
Employers’ Response if Child Workers
Are Replaced by Adults .........................................................55
Chapter 5 Scale of Production and Employment
of Child Labor ................................................................57
Chapter 6 Other Important Issues ..................................................73
Child Workers and Schooling ......................................................73
Who Supervise the Children and
How Are They Disciplined ...................................................76
Criteria for Selecting Subcontracted Households .....................78
Benefits in Hiring Migrant Workers ............................................80
Rejects Traced to the Processes ...................................................81
Chapter 7 Summary of Findings and Recommendations ..............83
Key Findings ...................................................................................83
Working at the Macro Level ........................................................88
Working within the Two Industries ............................................89
Working Away from the Two Industries ...................................92
Areas for Future Research ............................................................93
Appendices
Appendix A. Profile of the Employer-Respondents ..............95
Appendix B. Economic and Employment Variables ............107
Appendix C. Other Issues ..........................................................143
Appendix D. Ecological Questions on the Use
and Reasons for Use of Child Labor ...............................153
Appendix E. Child Labor in the Pyrotechnics
Industry in Bulacan ...............................................................161
Appendix F. Child Labor in the Fashion
Accessories Industry in Cebu ..............................................185
vi
Boxes, Tables, and Figures
Boxes
Box E1 Anastacio Mendoza: Successful Producer-Distributor ..........168
Box E2 Erlinda Celestino: A Typical Subcontractor ............................170
Tables
Table 1 Pyrotechnics: Mean Ranking According to Speed ...................42
Table 2 Pyrotechnics: Mean Ranking According
to Quality of Work ........................................................................42
Table 3 Pyrotechnics: Mean Ranking of Type of Worker
According to Speed .......................................................................44
Table 4 Fashion Accessories: Mean Ranking According to Speed ......45
Table 5 Fashion Accessories: Mean Ranking According
to Quality of Work ........................................................................45
Table 6 Fashion Accessories: Mean Ranking of Type
of Worker According to Speed ..................................................46
Table 7 Pyrotechnics: Ranking of Reasons
for Hiring Child Labor .................................................................48
Table 8 Fashion Accessories: Ranking of Reasons
for Hiring Child Labor .................................................................50
Table 9a Pyrotechnics: Responses to Questions
on Child Workers Being Replaced by Adults ............................55
vii
Table 9b Fashion Accessories: Responses to Questions
on Child Workers Being Replaced by Adults ............................56
Table 10a Regressions of Employment in Paper Folding
Process of Pyrotechnics: Number of Workers
to Total Production .......................................................................62
Table 10b Regressions of Employment in Paper Folding
Process of Pyrotechnics: Proportion of Workers
to Total Production .......................................................................63
Table 11a Regressions of Employment in Fuse Preparation
Process of Pyrotechnics: Number of Workers
to Total Production .......................................................................64
Table 11b Regressions of Employment in Fuse Preparation
Process of Pyrotechnics: Proportion of Workers
to Total Production .......................................................................65
Table 12a Regressions of Employment in Powder Loading
Process of Pyrotechnics: Number of Workers
to Total Production .......................................................................66
Table 12b Regressions of Employment in Powder Loading
Process of Pyrotechnics: Proportion of Workers
to Total Production .......................................................................67
Table 13a Regressions of Employment in Wiring Process
of Fashion Accessories: Number of Workers
to Total Production .......................................................................68
Table 13b Regressions of Employment in Wiring Process
of Fashion Accessories: Proportion of Workers
to Total Production .......................................................................69
Table 14a Regressions of Employment in Nylon Stringing
Process of Fashion Accessories: Number
of Workers to Total Production .................................................70
viii
Table 14b Regressions of Employment in Nylon Stringing
Process of Fashion Accessories: Proportion
of Workers to Total Production .................................................71
Table 15 Pyrotechnics: Number and Percentage
of Child Workers in School .........................................................74
Table 16 Fashion Accessories: Number and Percentage
of Child Workers in School .........................................................75
Table 17 Percentage of Child Workers Whose Schooling
Is Affected by Work ......................................................................76
Table 18 Who Supervises the Child Workers ............................................77
Table 19 Methods of Disciplining Child Workers ...................................77
Table 20 Reasons for Giving Work to a Household ................................79
Table 21 Is There an Advantage in Hiring Migrant
Workers Compared to Hiring Workers
from the Community Itself? ........................................................80
Table 22 Pyrotechnics Sector: Rejects Traced to Processes .....................81
Table 23 Fashion Accessories: Rejects Traced to Processes ....................82
Table A1 Age & Gender of Employers/Respondents ............................96
Table A2 Civil Status of Employers/Respondents, by Gender .............97
Table A3 Size of Employer’s/Respondent’s Household,
by Age and Gender .......................................................................97
Table A4 Membership in PATAMABA
of Employers/Respondents ........................................................98
Table A5 Schooling of Employers/Respondents, by Gender ...............99
Table A6 Number of Years in the Industry .............................................100
Table A7 Previous Occupation of Employers/Respondents ...............101
ix