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Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (Oxford History of the United States) PDF

801 Pages·2009·3.87 MB·English
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Preview Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (Oxford History of the United States)

Empire of Liberty The Oxford History of the United States David M. Kennedy, General Editor robert middlekauff THE GLORIOUS CAUSE The American Revolution, 1763–1789 gordon s. wood EMPIRE OF LIBERTY A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 daniel walker howe WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 james m. mcpherson BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM The Civil War Era david m. kennedy FREEDOM FROM FEAR The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 james t. patterson GRAND EXPECTATIONS The United States, 1945–1974 james t. patterson RESTLESS GIANT The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore george c. herring FROM COLONY TO SUPERPOWER U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 EMPIRE OF LIBERTY A History of the Early 1789 1815 Republic, – GORDON S. WOOD 1 2009 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wood, Gordon S. Empire of liberty : a history of the early Republic, 1789–1815 / Gordon S. Wood. p. cm. — (Oxford history of the United States) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN978-0-19-503914-6 1. United States—Civilization—1783–1865. 2. United States—Politics and government—1789–1815. I. Title. E310.W872009 973.4—dc22 2009010762 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To My Family This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments A project that has gone on as long as this one acquires a large number of debts, so many that it is dangerous to list any for fear of leaving someone out. For institutional support I am indebted to the Woodrow Wilson Center and the Huntington Library, both of which offered time off from teaching to work on the book. In addition, my home institution, Brown University, gave me several leaves that allowed me opportunities to do research and writing. My students, both graduate and undergraduate, have been a continual source of stimulation, mainly by compelling me to clarify my ideas and arguments. A number of colleagues have read portions of the manuscript— Michael Les Benedict, Steven Calabresi, Robert Gross, Bruce Mann, R. Kent Newmyer, and Steve Presser—and I am deeply indebted for their aid and corrections. Several friends suffered through the entire long manuscript—Richard Buel Jr., Patrick T. Conley, and Joanne Free- man—and I am eternally grateful for their taking on the task and for their helpful comments. Pat Conley in particular brought to bear on the manuscript not only his rich historical knowledge but as well a keen edi- torial eye for typos and other such errors. The editor of the Oxford His- tory of the United States series, David Kennedy, offered very sensible advice, and I thank him for overseeing the whole project. The Oxford editor, Susan Ferber, has a good eye and ear for writing and made many valuable suggestions. My thanks also to the incomparable copy editor, India Cooper. Of course, in the end I am responsible for any errors that remain. viii acknowledgments Since this book sums up a great deal of what I have learned about the early Republic over my entire career, I am deeply indebted to the many people who have helped me in one way or another over the past half cen- tury. But I owe the greatest debt to my wife, Louise, who has been editor and soulmate through the whole period. Contents List of Maps, xi Editor’s Introduction, xiii Abbreviations Used in Citations, xvii Introduction: Rip Van Winkle’s America, 1 1. Experiment in Republicanism, 5 2. A Monarchical Republic, 53 3. The Federalist Program, 95 4. The Emergence of the Jeffersonian Republican Party, 140 5. The French Revolution in America, 174 6. John Adams and the Few and the Many, 209 7. The Crisis of 1798–1799,239 8. The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800,276 9. Republican Society, 315 10. The Jeffersonian West, 357 11. Law and an Independent Judiciary, 400 12. Chief Justice John Marshall and the Origins of Judicial Review, 433 13. Republican Reforms, 469 14. Between Slavery and Freedom, 508 15. The Rising Glory of America, 543 16. Republican Religion, 576

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