Emotions, Technology, and Design PDF
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EMOTIONS, TECHNOLOGY, AND DESIGN Emotions and Technology Communication of Feelings for, with, and through Digital Media Series Editor Sharon Y. Tettegah Emotions, Technology, and Design Volume Editors Sharon Y. Tettegah and Safiya Umoja Noble EMOTIONS, TECHNOLOGY, AND DESIGN Edited by SHARON Y. TETTEGAH Professor,University of Nevada,Las Vegas Collegeof Education,Las Vegas,NV, USA BeckmanInstituteforAdvancedScienceandTechnology, NationalCenterforSupercomputingApplications,affiliate, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL,USA SAFIYA UMOJA NOBLE DepartmentofInformationStudies,UniversityofCalifornia, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles,CA, USA AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,London,EC2Y5AS,UK 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101–4495,USA 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK ©2016ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-801872-9 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionEditor:EmilyEkle EditorialProjectManager:TimothyBennett ProductionProjectManager:CarolineJohnson Designer:MatthewLimbert TypesetbySPiGlobal,India PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica CONTRIBUTORS MichaelL.Austin HowardUniversity,Washington,DC,USA ClintA.Bowers UniversityofCentralFlorida,Orlando,FL,USA ErginBulut KocUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey PaulCraig Xi’anJiaotong-LiverpoolUniversity,Suzhou,China MarianaGoya-Martinez UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,Champaign,IL,USA JenniferM.Loglia UniversityofCentralFlorida,Orlando,FL,USA RobertMejia SUNYBrockport,Brockport,NY,USA SafiyaUmojaNoble DepartmentofInformationStudies,GraduateSchoolofEducation&InformationStudies, UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DianneT.V.Pawluk VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity,Richmond,VA,USA FedericoPierotti UniversityofFlorence,Firenze,Italy DebbieDeniseReese ZoneProxima,LLC,Wheeling,WV,USA SarahT.Roberts FacultyofInformationandMediaStudies,TheUniversityofWesternOntario,London, ON,Canada Ne´naRoaSe¨ıler SchoolofComputing,CenterforInteractionDesign,EdinburghNapierUniversity, Edinburgh,UK KaoruSumi FutureUniversityHakodate,Hakodate,Japan CurtisR.Taylor UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,USA StacyWood UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA ix FOREWORD Withrespecttotechnology,itisimportanttoplacetermsandtoolswithina historical context, given that in today’s society when speaking to a person who is a Millennial (individuals who are born in the early 1980s to 2000), s(he) may tell you that technology is the Internet and Smart Phones. For theMillennial,then,technologymayonlymeandigitalorbiotechnologies. IfweweretospeakbroadlytosomeindividualsfromTheSilentGeneration, Boomers, Millennials, and Generation Y, technology may also mean automobiles, airlines, overhead projectors, flashlights, microwaves, ATMs, etc. Hence, technology in the twenty-first century can mean many things. Forexample,technologycouldmeansoftwareapplications,hardware,social media platforms, functional magnetic resonance imaging, mobile technol- ogy, learning and content management systems, just to name a few. Humans and other animals have used tools for centuries; however, the most important aspect of any tool is how we use and interact with it and the emotional responses we experience, while we interact with it either physically or psychologically. The focus of this book series is to provide a variety of conceptual, theoretical, and practical perspectives on the role of emotions and technology. Various psychological and social-emotional aspects of communicating through and with many types of technology are engaged in ways that extend our understanding of technology and its consequences on our lives. Aspecificgoalandpurposeofthisbookseriesfocusesonemotionsand affective interactions with and through technology. In some cases, these interactions are user-to-user, supported by the technology. In other instances,theseinteractionsarebetweentheuserandthetechnologyitself. Let us take, for example, researchers who have used animated social simu- lation technology to measure emotions of educators (Tettegah, 2007) and others who use biotechnology to measure decision-making and emotional responses of users of technology (Baron-Cohen, 2011; Decety & Ickes, 2009).Inarecentarticle,Solomon(2008)pointsout,“Oneofthemostcrit- icalquestionsabouthumannatureistheextenttowhichwecantranscend ourownbiology”(p.13).Iwouldarguethatthroughouruseoftechnology we,infact,areattemptingtoextendandtranscendouremotionsbywayof robots and other intelligent technological agents. As such, we should then askourselves:whyarediscussionsofemotionsandtechnologysoimportant? xi xii Foreword Inquiryregardingthenatureofemotionsisnotnew.Infact,examplesof such forms of inquiry have been documented since the dialogs of Socrates and Plato. Researchers and practitioners in psychology, sociology, educa- tion,andphilosophyunderstandthecomplicatednatureofemotions,aswell as[theimportanceof]definingemotionsandsocialinteractions.Thestudy of emotions is so complicated that we still continue to debate within the fieldsofphilosophy,education,andthepsychology,thenatureofemotions andtherolesofaffectiveandcognitiveprocessesinvolvinghumanlearning andbehavior. Thevolumesinthisseries,therefore, seekto presentimpor- tantdiscussions,debates,andperspectivesinvolvingtheinteractionsofemo- tions and various technologies. Specifically, through this book series on Emotions and Technology, we present chapters on emotional interactions with, from, and through technology. Thediversityofemotionsplayedoutbyhumanswithandthroughtech- nologyrunthegamutofemotions,includingjoy,anger,love,lust,empathy, compassion,jealousy,motivation,frustration,andhatred.Theseemotional interactionscanoccurthroughinteractionswithveryhumanlookingtech- nologies(e.g.,avatars,robots)orthrougheverydaycommonplacetechnol- ogies(e.g.,gettingangryatanATMmachinewhentheuserfailstofollow directions).Hence,understandingthewaysinwhichtechnologyaffordsthe mediationofemotionsisextremelyimportanttowardenhancingourcritical understandingofthewaysinwhichstudentminds,throughtechnology,are profoundlyinvolvedinlearning,teaching,communicating,anddeveloping social relationships in the twenty-first century. The majority of the chapters presented in books included in the series willno doubtdrawonsomeoftherecent,pervasive,andubiquitoustech- nologies.Readerscanexpecttoencounterchaptersthatpresentdiscussions involving emotions and mobile phones, iPads, digital games, simulations, MOOCs, social media, virtual reality therapies, and Web 2.0/3.0 technol- ogies.However,theprimaryfocusofthisbookseriesengagesthereadersin psychological, information communication, human computer interaction, and educational theories and concepts. In other words, technologies will showcase the interactions; however, the concepts discussed promise to be relevant and consistent constructs, whether engaging current technologies or contemplating future tools. The book series began with a call for a single volume. However, there wassuchahugeresponse,thatwhatwastobeonevolumeturnedintoeight volumes.Itwasveryexcitingtoseesuchaninterestintheliteraturethatlies at the intersection of emotions and technology. What is very clear here is Foreword xiii thathumanbeingsarebecomingmoreandmoreattachedtodigitaltechnol- ogies, in one form or another. In many ways, we could possibly posit the statement that many individuals in the world are inching their way toward becoming cyborgs. It is apparent that digital technologies are in fact more and more second nature to our everyday life. In fact, digital technologies are changing faster than we are aging. The life of a new technology can be 6 months to 1 year, while human lifespan ranges from 0 to 80 years. With the aforementioned in mind, humanshavetoconsiderhowtheiremotionswillinteractandinterfacewith themanydifferenttechnologiestheywillencounteroverthecourseofalife- time.Itseemsasifitwereonlyyesterdaywhenthepersonalcomputerwas inventedandnowwehavesupercomputingonadesktop,billionsofdataat ourfingertipsonoursmartphonecomputers,andnanotechnology assisting us with physiological functions of living human animals. Regardless of the technology we use and encounter, emotions will play a major role in per- sonal and social activities. Themajorrolethattechnologyplayscanbeobservedthroughthemany observations of how humans become excited, frustrated, or relieved when interacting with new technologies that assist us within our daily activities. Ourhopeisthatscholarsandpractitionersfromdiversedisciplines,suchas Informatics, Psychology, Education, Computer Science, Sociology, Engi- neering and other Social Sciences and Science, Technology, Media Studies, andHumanitiesfieldsofstudywillfindthisseriessignificantandinformative totheirconceptual,research,andeducationalpractices.Eachvolumeprovides uniquecontributionsabouthowweinteractemotionallywith,through,and fromvariousdigitaltechnologies.Chaptersinthisseriesrangefromhowintel- ligentagentsevokeemotions,howhumansinteractemotionallywithvirtual weapons,howwelearnordonotlearnwithtechnology,howorganizations areusingtechnologytounderstandhealth-relatedevents,tohowsocialmedia helps to display or shape our emotions and desires. This series on Emotions and Technology includes the following vol- umes: (1) Emotions, Technology, and Games, (2) Emotions, Technology, Design,andLearning,(3)Emotions,Technology,andBehaviors,(4)Emo- tions, Technology, and Learning, (5) Emotions, Technology, and Health, (6) Emotions, Technology, and Design, (7) Emotions, Technology, and Social Media, and (8) Emotions and Mobile Technology. Sharon Tettegah University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA xiv Foreword ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to give a special thank you to Martin Gartmeier, Dorothy Espelage, Richard Ferdig, WenHao David Huang, Grant Kien, Angela Benson, Michael McCreery, Safiya Umoja Noble, Y. Evie Garcia, and Antonia Darder and all of the authors for their reviews and contributions to this work. REFERENCES Baron-Cohen,S.(2011).Thescienceofevil.NewYork:BasicBooks. Decety,J.,&Ickes,W.(2009).InThesocialneuroscienceofempathy.Cambridge:TheMIT Press. Solomon,R.C.(2008).Thephilosophyofemotions.InM.Lewis,J.M.Haviland-Jones,& L.F.Barrett(Eds.),Thehandbookofemotions(3rded.,pp.3–15).London:GuildfordPress. Tettegah, S. (2007). Pre-service teachers, victim empathy, and problem solving using animatednarrativevignettes.Technology,Instruction,CognitionandLearning,5,41–68. PREFACE INTRODUCTION Much has been written at the intersections of technology and design within human-computer interaction. Until recently, these works had little regard for affect or emotion as a primary driver in how people impact, and are impacted by, various digital technologies (Calvo, D’Mello, Gratch, & Kappas, 2015; Ivonin et al., 2015; seeTettegah & Huang, 2015; Tettegah & Gartmeier, 2015; Tettegah & Espelage, 2015 in this series). This volume highlights the importance of thinking about emotion as a key driver in the design of, and response to, various technological projects from a psychological, psycho-social, and social psychological perspective, including empathy and emotional attachment for artifacts (Kim & Ryu, 2014). Because design is both socio-political and instrumental, although not mutually exclusive, this book is broken into two sections that foreground these two features. Norman (1990) arguedthatdesignmustaccountformultipledimensionsofemotionthat span a continuum of processing at various stages of engagement in the design of technology. In many ways, the contributors to this volume are looking at multiple ways in which emotion is implicit in various forms of design associated with all types of technologies that go beyond human-computer interaction. In the first section of the book, a number of concepts and experiments that demonstrate how emotion, technology, and design are constructed in service of a variety of human experiences are presented. Authors discuss psychologicalimplicationsofhowconsumersinteractwith,acquireknowl- edgethrough,andconsumeusingvarioustechnologies.Thebackgroundsof these contributions range from experimental psychology to the study of music and sound in the design of technologies, and the role emotion plays in human sense making. Taken together, these two sections of the book coverabroadrangeofconcepts,theories,andempiricalstudiesthatdeepen our understanding of the intricate interplay between human emotion and our technological engagements. xv
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