Emotional Engineering PDF
Preview Emotional Engineering
Shuichi Fukuda Editor Emotional Engineering (Vol. 3) Emotional Engineering (Vol. 3) Shuichi Fukuda Editor Emotional Engineering (Vol. 3) 123 Editor ShuichiFukuda Keio University Tokyo Japan ISBN 978-3-319-11554-2 ISBN 978-3-319-11555-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11555-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012472706 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface What characterizes humans is we can see the future. In other words, we have a dream.Animalslivefornow,buthumansliveforthefuture.Engineeringishereto make our dreams come true. But the road to realize our dreams is not straight- forward. We have to find our way step by step. Yes, we have to be very much adaptive. Ourengineeringhasbeenlikeanoaktree.Nomatterwhatsituationscomeup,it stands there, unperturbed. But the situations are not so gentle anymore. Our engineering has to be changed and it should be more adaptive like a willow tree. Willows communicate with the situations and they survive even in such hard situations where oak trees cannot withstand. Willowsjustadapttothepresentsituations.Butwehavetobeadaptive,notfor now,butfortomorrowtomakeourdreamscometrue.But,howcanwedothat?To make a fruitful step forward, we need to communicate with the outer world and at the same time we have to look back and look into the future. Our engineering has focused primarily on spatial issues. But if we get down to the basics of engineering or if we consider why we started engineering, we will realizewehavetobetimeconscious.Wehavetobesituationawareintermsofnot only space but also time. To go back and forth in time, we have to communicate not only with the outer world but also with ourselves. Then, we can collaborate with others and with our products to make a right step forward. Emotion andmotivation come from thesame Latinword “movere”, sothey are closely related and they constitute a closed loop. Dreams are our motivations and emotions light our way to our destinations. Although there are diverse topics in Volume 3, the main stream is communi- cation. The word “communication” is associated with the commons. We have to communicate to create our commons not only between humans, but also between humans and products and last but very importantly between products, because our products are getting softer and softer and more and more flexible and adaptive. v vi Preface I hope the reader set sail to the new world of communication and find out how emotional engineering plays an important role there. I am sure they will enjoy the voyage. Finally, I would like to thank all authors from the bottom of my heart and my sincere thanks go to Mr. Anthony Doyle, Ms. Gabriella Anderson, and Ms. Vani Gopi, all at Springer and Ms. Radhika Sree V for editing the book. Shuichi Fukuda Contents Age of Subjective Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Shuichi Fukuda Human-Product Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Shuichi Fukuda Best Fit Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Shuichi Fukuda Human Centered Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Shuichi Fukuda Kansei Information Processes in Early Design: Design Cognition and Computation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Carole Bouchard, Jean-François Omhover and Jieun Kim Soft Entrainment: Co-emergence of “Maai” and Entrainment by Rhythm Controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Shiroh Itai and Yoshiyuki Miwa Emotion Recognition Using Short Time Speech Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . 93 Hao Zhang, Shin’ichi Warisawa and Ichiro Yamada A Psychophysiological Approach Towards Understanding Emotions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Kazutaka Ueda vii Age of Subjective Engineering Shuichi Fukuda Abstract Uptonow,peoplehavebeenlookingforproductsbecausetheybrought forthgreatconvenienceintheirlife.Peoplethoughtthemorefunctionswereadded, thegreatertheirQOL(QualityofLife)wouldbecome.Inthesetimes,engineersdid their best to produce better quality products with more functions. But ironically enough,themoretechnologyadvancesandthefasterproductscanbeproduced,the more people come to feel dissatisfied. Such remarkable progress changed people’s life and their life space became far wider and their lifestyle became very much personalized. Addition of many functions in a short time did not bring satisfaction to them, but on the contrary, it irritated them, because they could not master it in such a short time. Thus, people’s expectations come tobe very much personalized andthey come tofeel satisfied whentheirpersonal expectations arereally metand realized. To express such a change in another way, engineers have been trying to achieve the best in objective evaluation, but people come to evaluate value in a subjective way. Thus, it becomes increasingly important for engineers to satisfy each customer’s expectation rather than achieving the best in the objective sense. Our engineering is, therefore, quickly moving from objective engineering to sub- jective engineering. 1 Quality of Life Quality of Life (QOL) is attracting wide attention these days as one of our very important issues. It should be noted that QOL has now come to be discussed in terms of Subjective well-being (SWB). AlthoughQOLhaslongbeenourmostcentralconcern,wehavebeendiscussing well-being or happiness from the objective perspective or in economic terms S.Fukuda(&) SystemDesignandManagement,KeioUniversity,4-4-1Hiyoshi,Kohoku-ku, Yokohama223-8526,Japan e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 1 S.Fukuda(ed.),EmotionalEngineering(Vol.3), DOI10.1007/978-3-319-11555-9_1 2 S.Fukuda uptonow.Inshort,wehavebeenthinkingthatwearehappyanditisagoodlife,if wehavemoney.Valueisconsideredintermsofmoney.Buthappinessissubjective so that QOL should be evaluated by SWB. This is the recent assertion of QOL in psychology. Thisisadiscussioninthefieldofpsychology.Butifwelookatengineering,we understand that engineering is no exception. Value has been defined [1] as Value Performance=Cost ¼ Thenumerator“performance”haslongbeenregardedasthefunctionsofafinal product.Itisonlyrecentlythatwecometoregardthisnumerator“performance”in the exact sense of the word and come to include MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Operations)asimportantperformancefactors.Butstillthefundamentalframework of evaluating performance is based on economics. Value in this equation means economic value. Or to be more exact, it means producers’ profit. With increasing diversification of customer’s needs, value has come to be interpreted in a wider sense. Regarding MRO as performance is such a move. But whenwetrytoincludethemintoperformance,wefacetheproblemofhowwecan evaluaterepair.Ifitismaintenance,whichmeanstorestoredegradingfunctionsto its original design level, it is rather straightforward and we can evaluate the task objectively or in economic terms, because the task is fundamentally no different from production. The goal is clear and we know what technologies should be applied. This is the same kind of work as we do to produce a new product. But when it comes to repair, we find ourselves at a loss. There is no objective basisforevaluatingrepair.Thisisexactlythesameasinhealthcare.Doctor’shealth and our health are different. Even if a doctor says you are healthy, we do not feel healthy, if we cannot spend our days as we like. If you would like to drink, you don’t feel healthy, if you cannot drink. But even if a doctor says you are not healthy,butifyoucandrink,thenyouwouldthinkyouarehealthy.Engineershave been discussing performance in the same sense as doctor’s health. It is very much objectiveandperformanceofaproductcanbediscussed incomparisonwiththose of other products. Thus,QOL for adoctor andQOL for usaredifferent. Peoplecome tobe aware ofthisdifference andtheynowunderstandthatwhenwediscussQOL,wehaveto introduce the concept of SWB, because the evaluation of QOL depends largely on individuals and it varies quite widely from person to person. People come to understand that it does not make sense to discuss such individualistic factor objectively. Medical treatments are composed of diagnosis and treatments. But correct diagnosis and treatment does not necessary mean good medical care for patients. Whatpatientswantiswhethertheycanspendahappylifeintheirownlifestyle.So agood doctor woulddiagnosetosatisfythem. Then,patients wouldenjoy lifeand further they might recover more quickly because they feel happy. Engineering design has been in a sense carrying out correct diagnosis. How correctwecanbetechnologicallyhasbeenourmainfocusinengineering.Thiscan AgeofSubjectiveEngineering 3 beachievedstraightforwardly,ifthegoalistodevelopanewproductortomaintain aproduct,butwhenitcomes torepair,wehavetotake ourcustomers’satisfaction intoconsideration.Towhatextentandtowhatleveltheywouldliketheirproducts repaired depend largely upon customers’ ways of living and their senses of satis- faction.Inthissense,healthcareandengineeringarebasicallythesame.Bothhave to consider emotions of their customers (patients). In QOL evaluation, objective or economicsatisfactionhas been the measure up to now. But diversifying lifestyles necessitated the introduction of subjective measures such as SWB. Currently a subjective measure focusing on the present situation is widely used. If a person feels satisfied with today’s life, then SWB is considered high. Althoughthisiscalledsubjective,itisnotcompletelysubjectiveinatruesense. PeoplecancomparetheirQOLswiththoseofotherseasilyandtheyfeelhappyornot basedonsuchcomparison.Ifyourfriendbuysanotherproductthatworksbetterthan yours,youwouldfeeldissatisfied,althoughyouchosetobuytheproductyoulike. The current engineering response to diversification is quasi-subjective. We increase the varieties of products to respond to the diversifying customer require- ments. This is because customer satisfaction is considered only at a specific time, i.e., at the time of delivery. So the current engineering framework is not different from the traditional one. The change we achieved is that we can produce wider variety of products with the progress of technology in shorter time. The funda- mentalidearemainsthesame.Soalthoughtheproduceremphasizedtheimportance of customer satisfaction, it is none other than how they can change their product betterintheirwayofproductionanditdoesnotcomefromthetrueobservationof whatcustomersreallywant.Thus,today’sengineeringsatisfiescustomerwantsjust for today. So customers are happy today. But how will they be tomorrow? Interestingly enough, in psychology, there is a new measure coming up. It is Expectation Satisfaction. People feel happy when their expectations are satisfied. This is very much different from the current discussion of customer satisfaction. Today’s discussion is how customers feel satisfied today. This only considers customerspasthistories;theirmemoriesandexperiences.Howtheyspenttheirlife andhowtheirwaysoflivinghasbeen.Inshort,currentproductionisbasedonthe past. But in QOL, it was found that people’s evaluation of QOL varies largely with expectations. It is known that GDP and QOL are closely related. Although GDP does not seem to be subjective, it changes by people’s expectations. If people expect better life tomorrow, they will spend more and GDP will go up. And when peoplefeeltheirexpectationsaremet,theyfeelhappier.SoExpectationSatisfaction isgetting attention these days.Theamountofsatisfaction changes with howmuch expectationisachieved.Thisevaluationiscompletelysubjective.Expectationsvary from person to person and it not only depends on the past, but it also depends on how a person looks into the future. Biologists tell us that the human is the only one species that can see the future. Some animals can use tools, but they cannot see the future (At least that is what biologists tell us.). Animals live for now, while humans live for the future.
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