Emotional Contagion PDF
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When people are in a certain mood, whether elation or depression, that mood is often communicated to others. Talking to a depressed person we may feel depressed, whereas talking to someone who feels self-confident and buoyant we are likely to feel good about ourselves. This phenomenon, known as emotional contagion, is identified here, and compelling evidence for its effect is offered from a variety of disciplines - social and developmental psychology, history, cross- cultural psychology, experimental psychology, and psychophysiology. Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction Paul Ekman University of California, San Francisco Klaus R. Scherer Universite de Geneve General Editors Emotional Contagion Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction This series is jointly published by the Cambridge University Press and the Editions de la Maison des Sciences de 1'Homme, as part of the joint publishing agreement established in 1977 between the Fondation de la Maison des Sciences de 1'Homme and the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press. Cette collection est publiee co-edition par Cambridge University Press et les Editions de la Maison des Sciences de 1'Homme. Elle s'integre dans le programme de co-edition etabli en 1977 par la Fondation de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et les Syndics de Cambridge University Press. Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavioral Research Edited by Klaus R. Scherer and Paul Ekman Structures of Social Action: Studies in conversational analysis Edited by Max Atkinson and John Heritage Interaction Structure and Strategy Starkey Duncan, Jr., and Donald W. Fiske Body Movement and Speech in Medical Interaction Christian Heath The Emotions Nico Frijda Conversations of Friends: Speculations on affective development Edited by John M. Gottman and Jeffrey G. Parker Judgment Studies: Design, analysis, and meta-analysis Robert Rosenthal The Individual, Communication, and Society: Essays in memory of Gregory Bateson Edited by Robert W. Rieber Language and the Politics of Emotion Edited by Catherine Lutz and Lila Abu-Lughod Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior Edited by Robert Feldman and Bernard Rime Gestures and Speech Pierre J. M. Feyereisen and Jacques-Dominique de Lannoy Landscapes of Emotion: Mapping three cultures of emotion in Indonesia Karl G. Heider Contexts of Accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics Howard Giles, Justine Coupland, and Nikolas Coupland Best Laid Schemes: The psychology of emotions Keith Oatley Interpersonal Expectations: Theory, research, and applications Edited by Peter David Blanck Emotional Contagion Elaine Hatfield University of Hawaii John T. Cacioppo Ohio State University Richard L. Rapson University of Hawaii CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Paris Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme 54 Boulevard Raspail, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06 © Cambridge University Press 1994 First published 1994 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hatfield, Elaine. Emotional contagion / Elaine Hatfield, John T. Cacioppo, Richard L. Rapson p. cm. - (Studies in emotion and social interaction) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-44498-5. - ISBN 0-521-44948-0 (pbk.) 1. Emotional contagion. I. Cacioppo, John T. II. Rapson, Richard L. III. Title. IV. Series. BF578.H38 1994 152.4 -dc20 93-3921 CIP A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-521-44498-5 hardback ISBN 0-521-44948-0 paperback ISBN 2-7351-0545-8 hardback (France only) ISBN 2-7351-0549-0 paperback (France only) Contents Acknowledgments page vii Introduction and overview 1 1 Mechanisms of emotional contagion: I. Emotional mimicry/synchrony 7 2 Mechanisms of emotional contagion: II. Emotional experience and facial, vocal, and postural feedback 48 3 Evidence that emotional contagion exists 79 4 The ability to infect others with emotion 128 5 Susceptibility to emotional contagion 147 6 Current implications and suggestions for future research 183 References 207 Index 229 Acknowledgments We would like to thank Cynthia Clement, our literary editor, for helping us track down quotations that were just right for illustrating the scholarly material. We also appreciate the help of Phil Giammat- teo and Vinita Shah, who helped with library research, and Mary- ann Overstreet, who translated Theodor Lipps's German text. vn
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