Emotion, Cognition, Health, and Development in Children and Adolescents PDF
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Emotion, Cognition, Health, and Development in Children and Adolescents Copyrighted Material / Copyrighted Material Emotion, Cognition, Health, and Development in Children and Adolescents Edited by Elizabeth J. Susman Lynne V. Feagans William J. Ray The Pennsylvania State University IfA LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS 1992 Hillsdale, New Jersey Hove and London Copyrighted Material Copyright © 1992, by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or any other means, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 365 Broadway Hillsdale, New Jersey 07642 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Emotion, cognition, health, and development in children and adolescents / edited by Elizabeth J. Susman, Lynne V. Feagans, William J. Ray. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8058-0548-6 1. Health behavior in children-Congresses. 2. Health behavior in adolescents-Congresses. I. Susman, Elizabeth J. II. Feagans, Lynne V. III. Ray, William J., 1945- RJ47.53.E46 1992 6l8.92-dc20 91-32896 CIP Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyrighted Material Contents Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Behavioral Health in Children and Adolescents: An Introduction 1 Elizabeth J. Susman, Lorah D. Dorn, Lynne V. Feagans, and William J. Ray Here's Looking at You, Kid! New Ways of Viewing the 1 Development of Health Cognition 9 David S. Gochman PART I DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES IN BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 25 Development of Attachment, Health Risks, 2 and Health Control 27 Colleen Frobose and Elizabeth J. Susman The Role of Individual Differences in Infant Personality 3 in the Formation of Attachment Relationships 31 Nathan A. fox The Development of Autonomy in Children's Health 4 Behaviors 53 Ronald J. Iannotti and Patricia J. Bush Risk-Taking Behaviors and Biopsychosocial Development 5 During Adolescence 75 Charles E. Iwin, Jr. and Susan G. Millstein v Copyrighted Material vi CONTENTS PART II DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES AND DISEASE 103 6 Disease Processes and Behavior 105 William J. Ray 7 Iron Deficiency Anemia and Infant Behavior 111 Betsy Lozoft Cognitive Maturity, Stressful Events, and 8 Metabolic Control Among Diabetic Adolescents 121 Gary M. Ingersoll, Donald P. Orr, Michael D. Vance, and Michael P. Golden Ego Development Paths and Adjustment to Diabetes: Longitudinal Studies of Preadolescents and Adolescents 9 With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 133 Stuart T. Hauser, Alan Jacobson, Janet Milley, Donald Wertlieb, Joseph Wolfsdorf, Raymonde D. Herskowitz, Phillip Lavori, and Robin L. Bliss PART III NEW PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT 153 10 Wellness, Illness, Health, and Disease Concepts 155 Arthur H. Parmelee, Jr. Intervention Strategies to Promote Healthy Children: Ecological Perspectives and Individual Differences 11 in Development 165 Lynne V. Feagans Author Index 171 Subject Index 179 Copyrighted Material Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Behavioral Health in Children and Adolescents: An Introduction Elizabeth J. Susman The Pennsylvania State University Lorah D. Dorn National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD Lynne V. Feagans The Pennsylvania State University William J. Ray The Pennsylvania State University The scientific study of health and behavior has been integrated over the past two decades to form entirely new interdisciplinary areas of inquiry. These new dis ciplines focus on health, illness, and behavior as processes reciprocally influenc ing each other. The existing literature emphasizes these processes primarily in adults rather than in children and adolescents, and the research tends not to ad dress the issue of change across the life span. Consequently, developmental con siderations have been underemphasized in theoretical and research perspectives. This volume attempts to fill that gap by including chapters that focus on emotion, cognition, and health as important developmental processes in a new scientific frontier, behavioral health in children and adolescents. , A developmental perspective in behavioral health is important because bio logical and behavioral processes unique to each developmental period have far reaching implications for health promotion, disease prevention, and disease recov ery in childhood and adolescence. Promotion of health during childhood and adolescence is important because it is during these early critical periods that major organ systems develop and learning of health-related behaviors, attitudes, values, and perceptions takes place. The development of a healthy lifestyle during child hood and adolescence will cast the mold for a similar lifestyle throughout the life span. Prevention of disease and rapid recovery from illness at all phases of the life span are byproducts of a healthy lifestyle in the early years. This book is an outgrowth of a conference on emotion and cognition as an tecedents and consequences of health and disease processes in children and adoles cents. The theoretical rationale for the conference was based on the assumption 1 Copyrighted Material 2 SUSMAN, DORN, FEAGANS, RAY that the development of emotion, cognition, health, and illness are processes that influence each other through the life span and that these reciprocal interactions begin in infancy. In the chapters to follow, developmental theories, research, and implications for interventions are discussed as they relate to promoting health, preventing disease, and treating illness in children and adolescents. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON BEHAVIORAL HEALTH The modern integration of mind and body in the scientific literature has provided the foundation for the evolution of multiple new frontiers devoted to explaining the development of health and illness. These new fields include behavioral medi cine, health behavior, health psychology, and the more inclusive term for con sidering all of these fields, behavioral health (Matarazzo, 1984). Behavioral medi cine was the first new discipline to emerge. It is defined as an interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavior and the bio medical sciences (Schwartz & Weiss, 1978). The focus of behavioral medicine is on how behavior influences disease processes and on treatment rather than on prevention. A later discipline, health behavior, focuses on personal attributes (e.g., beliefs and expectations), personality characteristics, emotions and cognitions that relate to health maintenance, and health restoration and improvement (Gochman, 1982). A discipline evolving parallel to health behavior is health psychology. In 1980 at the annual meeting, the Division of Health Psychology adopted an offi cial working definition of the field of health psychology: Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific, and profes sional contributions of the disciplines of psychology to the promotion and main tenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etio logic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction, and the analysis and improvement of the health care system and health policy formation. (Stone, 1987, p. 27) In this introduction, behavioral health is used as an inclusive term to represent the new disciplines discussed as well as other interdisciplinary efforts that focus on the integration of health, illness, and behavior. Although behavioral health in children and adolescents has only recently be gun to receive systematic attention, behavioral pediatrics has been in existence for about a decade. Behavioral pediatrics is developmentally oriented because of the nature of the discipline of pediatrics itself. Within the behavioral pedi atrics perspective, Krasnegor, Arasteh, and Cataldo (1986) published one ofthe first books examining child health and behavior in terms of perspectives, deter minations, prevention, and treatment. Recently, child health and behavior was the focus of a national working conference on health and behavior (Drotar et al., Copyrighted Material BEHAVIORAL HEALTH IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 3 1989). The new focus on child health and behavior offers the potential for promot ing optimal health in the current generation of children as well as in future generations. Behavioral health in childhood and adolescence may not have gained in promi nence because, historically, these periods have been considered healthy stages of the life span. In childhood, chronic and debilitative diseases are not promi nent. With the advent of antibiotic therapy to treat infectious diseases, mortality now is confined primarily to accidents, genetic diseases, and neoplasms. Mor bidity in childhood currently tends to be the result of preventable nutritional deficits (e.g., iron deficiency) and infectious processes. Both conditions were assumed, heretofore, to be benign conditions (e.g., otitis media). Nonetheless, these con ditions may adversely affect the emotional and cognitive development of chil dren resulting in less than optimal adult health and functioning. In adolescence, morbidity and mortality often are the result of preventable so cial, environmental, and behavioral factors (Irwin & Millstein, 1986). Preventa ble morbidity and mortality include accidents, homicide, suicide, and injury. Thus, there remains reason for concern for the health of children and adolescents in spite of overall prevention and treatment of major life-threatening childhood illnesses. BEHAVIORAL HEALTH IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS In the past, when children were considered in behavioral health, research, or clin ical practice, it was in terms of how child health behavior affects adult health (Maddux, Roberts, Sledden, & Wright, 1986). This focus led to a lack of theory on the integration of health and behavior in children and adolescents. The de velopmental perspective on behavioral health, in this volume, is different from this earlier approach in terms of its conceptualization and the importance it places on health and behavior during childhood and adolescence. Theoretical perspec tives on child and adolescent health and health behaviors should be different from those for adults, primarily because of physical, emotional, cognitive, and social developmental differences between children, adolescents, and adults. When con sidering strategies for optimizing health and development, the uniqueness of emo tional and cognitive processes in early developmental periods should be consid ered. The immature emotional and cognitive status of children and adolescents may impede efforts to change their behavior to promote health or adaptation to disease states. Nonetheless, in spite of immaturity in emotional and cognitive processes, plasticity in psychological and organ systems is a major advantage in the child and adolescent years in developing a lifestyle conducive to optimizing health and development throughout the life span. Copyrighted Material
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