Emma Ball PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

476 Pages·2010·34.43 MB·English

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THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
ON ADULT MORTALITY IN
EASTERN SCOTLAND, 1810-1861.
c.
by Emma Ball
U NrýF9s
ýýEcA
`ýNDREPi
A for Degree Doctor Philosophy in
thesis the
submitted of of
University St Andrews
the
of
March 1996
DECLARATION
I, Emma Ball, hereby is 98,000 in
that this thesis,
certify which approximately words
length, has been by it is by it
that the
written me, record of work carried out me and that
has been in for higher degree.
not submitted any previous application a
Date: 29 March 1996 Signature
of candidate
,
Alsvp
10
I in October, 1991 for degree
the
was admitted as a research student and as candidate of
Doctor Philosophy in October, 1991; higher for is
the this
of study which a record was
in University St Andrews between 1991 1996.
the
carried out of and
Date: 29 March 1996 Signature
of candidate
CERTIFICATION
I hereby has fulfilled Resolution
that the the the
certify candidate conditions of and
Regulations for degree Doctor Philosophy in University St
the the
appropriate of of of
Andrews is in for
that the to this thesis that
and candidate qualified submit application
degree.
Date: 29 March 1996 Signature
of supervisor
1411ilsksw
COPYRIGHT
In University St Andrews I I
this thesis to the that
submitting of understand am giving
for it be for in
to the the
permission made available use accordance with regulations of
University Library for being in force, in
the time to the
subject any copyright vested
being I be
work not affected thereby. also understand that the title and abstract will
be bona fide
that the to
published, and a copy of work may made and supplied any
library
or research worker.
To family
my
ABSTRACT
THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON ADULT MORTALITY
IN EASTERN SCOTLAND, 1810-1861.
c.
This investigates the links between demographic by
study economic and variables
the impact industrialization in Scotland, 1810-61.
examining of on adult mortality eastern c.
Using hierarchy, in
the the Angus
concept of urban sixteen parishes the counties of and
Fife different degrees industrialization. Patterns
to
were selected represent of of adult
in these between 1810 1854 then data burials
mortality parishes and are examined using on
from The by
the
parish registers. results are checked comparing them with the results
from data deaths for 1855-61. Thus
obtained an analysis of vital registration on the period
in identified disaggregated by
trends then
overall adult mortality are and age, sex, cause of
death
and occupation.
The higher in industrialized
that the
results show adult mortality was generally most
Furthermore, in increased in
these
areas. rates parishes generally over the period whilst the
less industrialized fell. Overall died from infectious diseases but
they
areas most people
deaths from (including fell The increase in
these tuberculosis) the
causes over period.
be in due in deaths from diseases (especially
to to
mortality appears part a rise respiratory
in industrial food- illnesses.
textile the
amongst workers main centres) and and water-borne
This industrialization had impact
that
suggests a negative on adult mortality rates, causing a
in in This in due
the to to
short-term rise mortality early mid-nineteenth century. was part
direct industrialization had,
the the towards textile
effect with shift employment probably
leading increased from diseases factory
to
mortality respiratory especially amongst
The impact industrialization have indirectly
to the
workers. of also appears operated via
impetus it in distribution
to
gave urbanization and changes the spatial of the population that
in increased infection.
resulted worsening sanitary conditions and exposure to
1
CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
v
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1
1.1 Previous Scottish historical demography
2
studies of
1.2 Studies Scottish in
7
the
of mortality patterns past
1.3 Aims
the 26
and outline of study
CHAPTER 2 Sources,
30
methods and models
2.1 Potential identified 31
sources and problems previously
2.2 Sources for
43
this
study
2.3 Methods for 51
studying mortality
2.4 Explanations for decline in 63
the
mortality: models and
theories
CHAPTER 3 Industrialization, 75
urbanization and population change
in Fife Angus in
the
and nineteenth century
3.1 Industrialization
77
and urbanization
3.2 Industrialization hierarchy 92
the
and urban concepts
-
theory
and
3.3 Fife Angus: Industrialization 96
the
and and
development hierarchy in
the
of an urban eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries
ii
3.4 Defining hierarchy: The
the 122
urban rank-size
distribution in Fife Angus
of settlements and
3.5 Parishes for
143
selected study
CHAPTER 4 Overall in
trends 156
adult mortality
4.1 Data
157
collection and entry
4.2 Under-registration
162
4.3 Methods for
in
trends 172
used examining overall adult
mortality
4.4 Annual burials in
totals 174
of adult each parish
(known
adults and unknown cases)
4.5 Estimation in
186
the the
of proportion of people
'unknown' for
category who are adults each parish
4.6 Adjusted burials in 193
totals
annual of adult each parish
4.7 Index burials for level 203
the
of adult each of urban
hierarchy
4.8 Index burials for industrial 210
of adult each category
4.9 Trends in burials: 214
adult moving averages
4.10 Trends in burial death 221
overall mortality: crude and
rates
4.11 Trends in burial 239
adult mortality: crude adult rates
CHAPTER 5 Age death, death 248
at cause of and occupational mortality
5.1 Age death 250
at
5.2 Cause death 271
of
5.3 Occupational 305
mortality
CHAPTER 6 Seasonality 322
6.1 Overall burials 327
seasonality of
6.2 Seasonality death 336
and cause of
111
6.3 Burial by death
347
seasonality age at
6.4 Seasonality for
359
time
over each sex
6.5 Burial by
362
seasonality occupation
CONCLUSION
366
APPENDICES
371
BIBLIOGRAPHY
430
IV