Emerging Trends in IoT and Integration With Data Science, Cloud Computing, and Big Data Analytics Pelin Yildirim Taser Izmir Bakircay University, Turkey A volume in the Advances in Web Technologies and Engineering (AWTE) Book Series Published in the United States of America by IGI Global Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2022 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Taser, Pelin Yildirim, 1990- editor. Title: Emerging trends in IOT and integration with data science, cloud computing, and big data analytics / Pelin Yildirim Taser, editors. Description: Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book contains research on emerging trends in the internet of things and integration with data science”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020013985 (print) | LCCN 2020013986 (ebook) | ISBN 9781799841869 (h/c) | ISBN 9781799857167 (s/c) | ISBN 9781799841876 (eISBN) Subjects: LCSH: Internet of things--Industrial applications. | Big data--Industrial applications. Classification: LCC TK5105.8857 .E444 2021 (print) | LCC TK5105.8857 (ebook) | DDC 004.67/8--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013985 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013986 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Web Technologies and Engineering (AWTE) (ISSN: 2328-2762; eISSN: 2328-2754) British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected]. Advances in Web Technologies and Engineering (AWTE) Book Series Ghazi I. Alkhatib The Hashemite University, Jordan David C. 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Titles in this Series For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: http://www.igi-global.com/book-series/advances-web-technologies- engineering/37158 App and Website Accessibility Developments and Compliance Strategies Yakup Akgül (Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Turkey) Engineering Science Reference • © 2022 • 322pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799878483) • US $225.00 IoT Protocols and Applications for Improving Industry, Environment, and Society Cristian González García (University of Oviedo, Spain) and Vicente García-Díaz (University of Oviedo, Spain) Engineering Science Reference • © 2021 • 321pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799864639) • US $245.00 Integration and Implementation of the Internet of Things Through Cloud Computing Pradeep Tomar (Gautam Buddha University, India) Engineering Science Reference • © 2021 •357pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799869818) • US $245.00 Design Innovation and Network Architecture for the Future Internet Mohamed Boucadair (Orange S.A., France) and Christian Jacquenet (Orange S.A., France) Engineering Science Reference • © 2021 • 478pp •H/C (ISBN: 9781799876465) • US $225.00 Challenges and Opportunities for the Convergenceof IoT, Big Data, and Cloud Computing Sathiyamoorthi Velayutham (Sona College of Technology, India) Engineering Science Reference • © 2021 • 350pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799831112) • US $215.00 Examining the Impact of Deep Learning and IoT on Multi-Industry Applications Roshani Raut (Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering (PCCOE), Pune, India) and Albena Dimitrova Mihovska (CTIF Global Capsule (CGC), Denmark) Engineering Science Reference • © 2021 • 304pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799875116) • US $245.00 Result Page Generation for Web Searching Emerging Research and Opportunities Mostafa Alli (Tsinghua University, China) Engineering Science Reference • © 2021 • 126pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799809616) • US $165.00 Building Smart and Secure Environments Through the Fusion of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and the IoT Nadesh RK (Vellore Institute of Technology, India) Shynu PG (Vellore Institute of Technology, India) and Chiranji Lal Chowdhary (School of Information Technology and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India) Engineering Science Reference • © 2020 • 300pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799831839) • US $245.00 701 East Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033, USA Tel: 717-533-8845 x100 • Fax: 717-533-8661 E-Mail: [email protected] • www.igi-global.com Table of Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................................xiv Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................xx Chapter 1 AComprehensiveEvaluationofInternet-of-ThingsPlatforms..............................................................1 Zuleyha Akusta Dagdeviren, International Computer Institute, Ege University, Turkey Chapter 2 AnOverviewofIoTInfrastructureArchitecture,EnablingTechnologies,Issues,Integrationof Cloud,andSimulationTools................................................................................................................20 Mobasshir Mahbub, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh Chapter 3 Location-BasedInternationalizationandLocalizationWithMobileComputing................................39 Arpit Kumar Sharma, Manipal University Jaipur, India Arvind Dhaka, Manipal University Jaipur, India Amita Nandal, Manipal University Jaipur, India Akshat Sinha, Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management, Jaipur, IndiaDeepika Choudhary, Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management, Jaipur, India Chapter 4 InteroperabilityinInternetofMediaThingsandIntegrationBigMedia:ConceptualModeland Frameworks...........................................................................................................................................59 Dragorad Milovanovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia Vladan Pantovic, Union–Nikola Tesla University, Belgrade, Serbia Chapter 5 AnArchitectureandReferenceImplementationforWSN-BasedIoTSystems...................................80 Burak Karaduman, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Bentley James Oakes, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Raheleh Eslampanah, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Joachim Denil, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Hans Vangheluwe, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Moharram Challenger, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Chapter 6 ConnectivityEstimationApproachesforInternetofThings-EnabledWirelessSensorNetworks....104 Zuleyha Akusta Dagdeviren, International Computer Institute, Ege University, Turkey Vahid Akram, International Computer Institute, Ege University, Turkey Chapter 7 MachineLearningTechniquesforIoT-BasedIndoorTrackingandLocalization..............................123 Pelin Yildirim Taser, Izmir Bakircay University, Turkey Vahid Khalilpour Akram, Ege University, Turkey Chapter 8 XHAC:ExplainableHumanActivityClassificationFromSensorData............................................146 Duygu Bagci Das, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Derya Birant, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Chapter 9 AnimalActivityRecognitionFromSensorDataUsingEnsembleLearning.....................................165 Derya Birant, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Kadircan Yalniz, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Chapter 10 Essentials,Challenges,andFutureDirectionsofAgriculturalIoT:ACaseStudyintheIndian Perspective..........................................................................................................................................181 M. Manikandakumar, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India P. Karthikeyan, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India Chapter 11 OptimizationofConsensusMechanismforIoTBlockchain:ASurvey.............................................197 Shailesh Pancham Khapre, Amity University, Noida, India Shraddha P. Satpathy, Amity University, Noida, India Chandramohan D., Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, India Chapter 12 CriticalNodesDetectioninIoT-BasedCyber-PhysicalSystems:Applications,Methods,and Challenges...........................................................................................................................................226 Onur Ugurlu, Izmir Bakircay University, Turkey Nusin Akram, Ege University, Turkey Vahid Khalilpour Akram, Ege University, Turkey Chapter 13 MeshNetworkofeHealthIntelligentAgentsforVisuallyImpairedandBlindPeople:AReview StudyonArduinoandRaspberryPiWearableDevices.....................................................................240 Dmytro Zubov, University of Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan Chapter 14 PrototypeImplementationofInnovativeBrailleTranslatorfortheVisuallyImpairedWith HearingDeficiency.............................................................................................................................272 Soumen Santra, Techno International NewTown, India Arpan Deyasi, RCC Institute of Information Technology, India Compilation of References...............................................................................................................291 About the Contributors...................................................................................................................326 Index...................................................................................................................................................332 Detailed Table of Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................................xiv Acknowledgment.................................................................................................................................xx Chapter 1 AComprehensiveEvaluationofInternet-of-ThingsPlatforms..............................................................1 Zuleyha Akusta Dagdeviren, International Computer Institute, Ege University, Turkey Internetofthings(IoT)hasattractedresearchersinrecentyearsasithasagreatpotentialtosolvemany emergingproblems.AnIoTplatformismissionedtooperateasahorizontalkeyelementforserving variousverticalIoTdomainssuchasstructuremonitoring,smartagriculture,healthcare,minersafety monitoring,smarthome,andhealthcare.Inthischapter,theauthorsproposeacomprehensiveanalysisof IoTplatformstoevaluatetheircapabilities.Theselectedmetrics(features)toinvestigatetheIoTplatforms are“abilitytoservedifferentdomains,”“abilitytohandledifferentdataformats,”“abilitytoprocess unlimitedsizeofdatafromvariouscontext,”“abilitytoconvertunstructureddatatostructureddata,”and “abilitytoproducecomplexreports.”Thesemetricsarechosenbyconsideringthereportingcapabilities ofvariousIoTplatforms,bigdataconcepts,anddomain-relatedissues.Theauthorsprovideadetailed comparisonderivedfromthemetricanalysistoshowtheadvantagesanddrawbacksofIoTplatforms. Chapter 2 AnOverviewofIoTInfrastructureArchitecture,EnablingTechnologies,Issues,Integrationof Cloud,andSimulationTools................................................................................................................20 Mobasshir Mahbub, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh ManycriticalstudiesandresearchwerecarriedouttoimprovethetechnologiesofIoT.Nevertheless, severalchallengesneedtobesolvedtodeterminethemaximumvalueofIoT.Theseproblemsandconcerns willbeapproachedfromspecificIoTperspectives,suchasapplications,enablingtechnologies,issues, andsoon.ThekeypurposeofthisworkistoexploreIoTtechnologyintermsoftechnicalandsocial aspects.TheworkdiscussesvariouschallengesandmajorissuesofIoTincludingdetailedarchitecture andapplications.TheresearchfurthersummarizestherecentliteratureofvariousareasofIoTand explainstheirimportance.Moreover,theimportanceofintegrationofcloudinIoTinfrastructurehas beendiscussed.Theresearchalsomentionedanddescribedvarioussimulationtoolsthroughwhichthe characteristicsoftheIoTenvironmentcanbeanalyzedempirically.Thisworkletsthereadersandthe researchersgrasptheIoTanditsreal-lifeapplicability. Chapter 3 Location-BasedInternationalizationandLocalizationWithMobileComputing................................39 Arpit Kumar Sharma, Manipal University Jaipur, India Arvind Dhaka, Manipal University Jaipur, India Amita Nandal, Manipal University Jaipur, India Akshat Sinha, Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management, Jaipur, IndiaDeepika Choudhary, Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management, Jaipur, India TheAndroidsystemoperatesonmanysmartphonesinmanylocales.Websitesandwebtoolshavetheir ownrequirementsinday-to-daylife.Toreachthemaximumusers,theappandwebsiteshouldhandle alltheresourcessuchastextstrings,functions,layouts,graphics,andanyotherstaticdatathattheapp/ websiteneeds.Itrequiresinternationalizationandlocalizationofthewebsiteandapptosupportmultiple languages.ThebasicideaofthischapteristopresentanapproachforlocalizingtheAndroidapplication accordingtothelocationdatathattheappreceivedfromthedevice,butmanyusersdonotallowthe “accesslocation”featuresothisapproachwillbeadeadendinthiscase.Theauthorshaveproposed someothertechniquestoachievethisfeatureoflocalizationandinternationalizationbyimplementing the“chooselanguage”servicesothattheappcanitselfoptimizeitscontentandtranslateitintothe user’snativelanguage. Chapter 4 InteroperabilityinInternetofMediaThingsandIntegrationBigMedia:ConceptualModeland Frameworks..........................................................................................................................................59 Dragorad Milovanovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia Vladan Pantovic, Union–Nikola Tesla University, Belgrade, Serbia Multimedia-relatedthingsisanewclassofconnectedobjectsthatcanbesearched,discovered,and compositedontheinternetofmediathings(IoMT).Ahugeamountofdatasetscomefromaudio-visual sourcesorhaveamultimedianature.However,multimediadataiscurrentlynotincorporatedinthebig data(BD)frameworks.Theresearchprojects,standardizationinitiatives,andindustrialactivitiesfor integrationareoutlinedinthischapter.MPEGIoMTinteroperabilityandnetwork-basedmediaprocessing (NBMP)frameworkasaninstanceofthebigmedia(BM)referencemodelareexplored.Conceptual modelofIoTandbigdataintegrationforanalyticsisproposed.Bigdataanalyticsisrapidlyevolving bothintermsoffunctionalityandtheunderlyingmodel.TheauthorspointedoutthatIoMTanalytics iscloselyrelatedtobigdataanalytics,whichfacilitatestheintegrationofmultimediaobjectsinbig mediaapplicationsinlarge-scalesystems.Thesetwotechnologiesaremutuallydependentandshould beresearchedanddevelopedjointly. Chapter 5 AnArchitectureandReferenceImplementationforWSN-BasedIoTSystems...................................80 Burak Karaduman, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Bentley James Oakes, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Raheleh Eslampanah, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Joachim Denil, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Hans Vangheluwe, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium Moharram Challenger, University of Antwerp and Flanders Make, Belgium TheInternetofThingsanditstechnologieshaveevolvedquicklyinrecentyears.Itbecameanumbrella termforvarioustechnologies,embeddeddevices,smartobjects,andwebservices.Althoughithasgained maturity,thereisstillnoclearorcommondefinitionofreferencesforcreatingWSN-basedIoTsystems. Intheawarenessthatcreatinganomniscientandidealarchitecturethatcansuitalldesignrequirementsis notfeasible,modularandscalablearchitecturethatsupportsaddingorsubtractingcomponentstofitalot ofrequirementsofvarioususecasesshouldbeprovidedasastartingpoint.Thischapterdiscussessuch anarchitectureandreferenceimplementation.Thearchitectureshouldcovermultiplelayers,including thecloud,thegateway,andtheedgesofthetargetsystem,whichallowsmonitoringtheenvironment, managingthedata,programmingtheedgenodesandnetworkingmodeltoestablishcommunication betweenhorizontalandverticalembeddeddevices.Inordertoexemplifytheproposedarchitectureand referenceimplementation,asmartirrigationcasestudyisused. Chapter 6 ConnectivityEstimationApproachesforInternetofThings-EnabledWirelessSensorNetworks...104 Zuleyha Akusta Dagdeviren, International Computer Institute, Ege University, Turkey Vahid Akram, International Computer Institute, Ege University, Turkey Internetofthings(IoT)envisionsanetworkofbillionsofdeviceshavingvarioushardwareandsoftware capabilitiescommunicatingthroughinternetinfrastructuretoachievecommongoals.Wirelesssensor networks(WSNs)havinghundredsoreventhousandsofsensornodesarepositionedatthecommunication layerofIoT.Inthisstudy,theauthorsworkontheconnectivityestimationapproachesforIoT-enabled WSNs.Theydescribethemainideasandexplaintheoperationsofconnectivityestimationalgorithms inthischapter.Theycategorizethestudiedalgorithmsintotwodivisionsas1-connectivityestimation algorithms(specialcasefork=1)andk-connectivityestimationalgorithms(thegeneralizedversionof theconnectivityestimationproblem).Withinthescopeof1-connectivityestimationalgorithms,they dissecttheexactalgorithmsforbridgeandcutvertexdetection.Theyinvestigatevariousalgorithmic ideasforkconnectivityestimationapproachesbyillustratingtheiroperationsonsamplenetworks.They alsodiscusspossiblefuturestudiesrelatedtotheconnectivityestimationprobleminIoT. Chapter 7 MachineLearningTechniquesforIoT-BasedIndoorTrackingandLocalization..............................123 Pelin Yildirim Taser, Izmir Bakircay University, Turkey Vahid Khalilpour Akram, Ege University, Turkey TheGPSsignalsarenotavailableinsidethebuildings;hence,indoorlocalizationsystemsrelyonindoor technologiessuchasBluetooth,WiFi,andRFID.Thesesignalsareusedforestimatingthedistance betweenatargetandavailablereferencepoints.Bycombiningtheestimateddistances,thelocationof thetargetnodesisdetermined.Thewidespreadingoftheinternetandtheexponentialincreaseinsmall hardwarediversityallowthecreationoftheinternetofthings(IoT)-basedindoorlocalizationsystems.This chapterreviewsthetraditionalandmachinelearning-basedmethodsforIoT-basedpositioningsystems. Thetraditionalmethodsincludevariousdistanceestimationandlocalizationapproaches;however, theseapproacheshavesomelimitations.Becauseofthehighpredictionperformance,machinelearning algorithmsareusedforindoorlocalizationproblemsinrecentyears.Thechapterfocusesonpresenting anoverviewoftheapplicationofmachinelearningalgorithmsinindoorlocalizationproblemswhere thetraditionalmethodsremainincapable.