Emerging Transplant Infections: Clinical Challenges and Implications PDF
Preview Emerging Transplant Infections: Clinical Challenges and Implications
Michele I. Morris Camille Nelson Kotton Cameron R. Wolfe Editors Emerging Transplant Infections Clinical Challenges and Implications Emerging Transplant Infections (cid:129) (cid:129) Michele I. Morris Camille Nelson Kotton Cameron R. Wolfe Editors Emerging Transplant Infections Clinical Challenges and Implications With132Figuresand198Tables Editors MicheleI.Morris CamilleNelsonKotton ImmunocompromisedHostService TransplantandImmunocompromisedHost DivisionofInfectiousDiseases InfectiousDiseases,InfectiousDiseases UniversityofMiamiMillerSchool Division,MassachusettsGeneralHospital ofMedicine HarvardMedicalSchool Miami,FL,USA Boston,MA,USA CameronR.Wolfe DivisionofInfectiousDiseases DukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine Durham,NC,USA ISBN978-3-030-25868-9 ISBN978-3-030-25869-6(eBook) ISBN978-3-030-25870-2(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25869-6 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface ThefieldofTransplantInfectiousDiseaseshasemergedoverrecentdecadestomeet the challenges of caring for immunocompromised solid organ and stem cell trans- plant recipients. Innovations in surgical and cellular therapies and changes in transplantimmunosuppressionhaveimpactedthevarietyofbacterial,viral,fungal, and parasitic organisms that may cause disease in this population. Transplant pro- grams worldwide now recognize the need for expertise in the management of infectious complications and consider infectious disease specialists an essential part of the transplant team. Clinical trials in post-transplant prophylaxis and treat- menthaveoptimizedtheunderstandingofcommoninfectionssuchascytomegalo- virus, facilitating the establishment of clinical guidelines. Such guidelines are constantlysubjecttomodificationasongoingchangesinantimicrobialsusceptibility havealteredhistoricallyvalidatedapproachestoinfectionmanagement.Newguid- ancehasalsobeenrequiredtoaddressuniquepresentationsofinfectionspreviously rarely seen in transplant recipients. Current transplant protocols must reflect the impactofglobalhumanmigrationandexpandedaccesstotransplantationinpatients with previous exposure to rare tropical diseases. Trials of new immunotherapeutic agents are essential as we improve management of transplant rejection or disease relapse, but may facilitate the emergence of latent or previously unrecognized microorganisms. Novel molecular diagnostics have led tothe identification of new pathogenswhichmaybeobservedfirstinthisvulnerablepatientpopulation.Forthe transplantteamsseekingtooptimizemanagementoftheseinfections,acomprehen- sivetextbookwhichcanberegularlyupdatedismostwelcome. This premier edition of the Emerging Transplant Infections textbook was pre- pared by an international team of experts to provide an authoritative and current resourcefortransplantspecialistsseekingup-to-date guidanceinthediagnosisand treatment of infectious complications of transplant. Information can be accessed electronicallyviaSpringerLinkorthroughcurrentandfutureeditionsoftheprinted textbook. Chapters will be added and updated to reflect the constantly changing nature of the field. This edition contains 69 chapters divided into seven parts. The introductorypartprovidesanoverviewofthefieldandencompassesgeneraltopics including transplant immunosuppression, infection control and prevention, and pre-transplant screening. This is followed by four pathogen-based parts devoted to bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases of major importance in transplant v vi Preface candidates and recipients. Authors were asked to share information on disease epidemiology,diagnosis,andmanagementwithanemphasisontheclinical impact on both solid organ and stem cell transplantation. A part focused on emerging clinical challenges follows which addresses cardiac device infections and other new areas of focus in the transplant world. The final part provides invaluable information using a syndrome-based approach that will enhance the ability of all readerstoidentifyemerginginfectiousdiseases.Chaptersincludedermatologicand ophthalmologic presentations as well as a review of emerging diagnostics and a sectiondevotedtopediatricdiseases. IthasbeenoverthreeyearssincethreeTransplantInfectiousDiseasephysicians joined together to develop a clinical reference that would assist our colleagues in navigating the challenging and rapidly changing field of emerging infections in transplantation. Thisproject wouldnothavebeen possible without theoutstanding workofaninternationalteamofauthorswhowerewillingtodedicatetheirtimeand expertise in support of this effort. Many thanks to all of the contributors for their invaluableassistance.ThanksalsototheeditorialstaffatSpringerNature,including NadinaPersaudwhoconceivedoftheprojectinlate2017,AlexaSteelewhoguided usindevelopment,andSonalNagpalwhoprovidedusconsistentproductionsupport throughout the project. We hope this collection is not only a useful tool in clinical carebutalsoreflectsthepassionandcommitmentofallofustoshareourknowledge withthegoalofimprovingoutcomesforthetransplantpatientswhoentrustuswith theircare. June2021 MicheleI.Morris CamilleNelsonKotton CameronR.Wolfe Contents Volume 1 PartI GeneralIntroduction ................................ 1 1 ImpactofInfectiononTransplantOutcomes:Transplant InfectiousDiseaseExpertiseasanEssentialComponentof TransplantPrograms ................................... 3 MicheleI.Morris 2 IntroductiontoImmunosuppression,Tolerance,andInfection Risk ................................................. 11 CameronR.Wolfe 3 ChangingDefinitionofImmunosuppression:TargetedTherapies andResultingEmergingInfectionsandTheirPrevention ....... 25 NicolasJ.Mueller 4 StemCellTransplantation:InfectionRiskbyTransplantType andEmergingTrendsinInfectionManagement .............. 43 GowriSatyanarayana,KatieS.Gatwood,andWhitneyJ.Nesbitt 5 EvolvingEpidemiologyofTransplantInfections:Impactof PopulationShiftsandClimateChange ...................... 83 TirdadT.ZangenehandMohanadAl-Obaidi 6 HospitalEpidemiologyandInfectionControlinthe TransplantCenter ...................................... 99 GopiPatelandSarahHochman 7 AntimicrobialStewardshipforTransplantCandidatesand Recipients ............................................ 131 CatherineLiuandEricaJ.Stohs 8 AntimicrobialProphylaxisintheAgeofEmergingTransplant Infections ............................................. 155 JonathanHand vii viii Contents 9 PretransplantScreeningforInfectionExposure:Approachto thePatientswithEpidemiologicandGeographicRiskFactors ... 171 DeepaNanayakkaraandJoannaSchaenman 10 TransplantTourismandtheTravelingTransplantRecipient: InfectionMitigationandTreatmentStrategies ................ 201 C.ArianneBuchan 11 PreventativeHealthinSolidOrganTransplant:SafeLiving Post-transplant ........................................ 239 BarbraM.Blair 12 VaccinationStrategiesinSolidOrganandStemCell Transplant ............................................ 253 ShilpaR.JainandDeepaliKumar PartII BacterialInfectionsIntroduction ..................... 285 13 Multidrug-ResistantOrganisms:Pre-transplantEvaluationand Management .......................................... 287 AnomaNelloreandRachaelA.Lee 14 Multidrug-ResistantOrganisms:PosttransplantManagement forExtended-SpectrumBeta-LactamaseProducersand Carbapenem-ResistantEnterobacterales .................... 313 JessicaHoward-AndersonandStephanieM.Pouch 15 PseudomonasaeruginosaInfectionsinTransplant:Epidemiology andEmergingTreatmentOptions ......................... 343 JohnI.Hogan,BrandonK.Hill,andCostiD.Sifri 16 ManagementofAcinetobacterInfectionsinthe ImmunosuppressedHost ................................. 371 EmilyBanemanandMeenakshiM.Rana 17 BurkholderiainTransplant:ImportanttoSpeciateand ImportanttoTreat ..................................... 391 GregorySnell,OliviaSmibert,andElizabethTullis 18 MycobacteriumtuberculosisinTransplantation ............... 409 ArunaK.Subramanian 19 RapidlyGrowingMycobacterialInfectionsinTransplant: EvolvingEpidemiologyandTreatmentOptions ............... 425 NicholasA.TurnerandArthurW.Baker 20 Slow-GrowingNontuberculousMycobacteriainTransplant ..... 459 EstherBenamuandJoannaNelson Contents ix 21 NocardiaInfectionsinTransplantation:Diagnosis, Management,andImpactonOutcomes ..................... 487 ReubenJ.ArasaratnamandAlejandroRestrepo 22 MycoplasmaandUreaplasmaInfectionsinTransplantation: ABigImpactDespitetheLackofaCellWall ................ 505 PeterW.SchreiberandNicolasJ.Mueller 23 ClostridioidesDifficile:WhereShouldtheManagement StrategiesinTransplantVary? ............................ 519 JenniferC.PisanoandKathleenM.Mullane Volume 2 PartIII ViralInfectionsIntroduction ........................ 545 24 CytomegalovirusinSolidOrganTransplantRecipients: Prevention,Diagnosis,andTreatment ...................... 547 CamilleNelsonKotton 25 CytomegalovirusinHematopoieticStemCellTransplant Recipients:Prevention,Diagnosis,andTreatment ............. 573 JoseF.Camargo 26 HerpesSimplexandVaricellaZosterinTransplant CandidatesandRecipients ............................... 617 RichardA.Zuckerman 27 Epstein-BarrVirusandPosttransplantLymphoproliferative Disorders ............................................. 655 MasakiYamada,AndrewNowalk,andMichaelGreen 28 HHV-6,HHV-7,andHHV-8:ForgottenVirusesin Transplantation ........................................ 683 GhadyHaidar 29 InfluenzaInfectionsinSolidOrganandStemCellTransplant Recipients ............................................ 709 YoichiroNatori 30 RespiratorySyncytialVirusinTransplant:Stoppingthe Short-TermSpread,SolvingtheLonger-TermProblems ........ 725 A.J.WrightandA.Mah 31 RespiratoryViralPathogensinSolidOrganandHematopoietic StemCellTransplantRecipients ........................... 743 StevenA.PergamandMichaelG.Ison x Contents 32 TransplantAdenovirusInfection:ClinicalSyndromes, Diagnosis,andManagement .............................. 781 MaricarMalinisandMarwanM.Azar 33 BKPolyomavirusAfterSolidOrganandHematopoieticCell Transplantation:OneVirus–ThreeDiseases ................ 807 FabriceE.GrafandHansH.Hirsch 34 ChallengesofHumanPapillomavirusInfectioninSolidOrgan andHematopoieticStemCellTransplantRecipients ........... 833 CristinaBrickmanandPeterChin-Hong 35 SolidOrganTransplantationinHIVPositivePatients .......... 859 ElmiMullerandPeterStock 36 HepatitisAInfectionsinTransplant ........................ 877 RebekahJ.Lane 37 HepatitisEInfectionsinTransplants ....................... 909 OlivierMarionandNassimKamar 38 HepatitisBandHepatitisDInfectionsintheTransplant Setting ............................................... 927 BrianKimandNorahA.Terrault 39 EmergingManagementofHepatitisCinTransplant .......... 951 LorenaPuchadesandMarinaBerenguer 40 WestNileVirusandTransplantation ....................... 971 MarilynE.LeviandMarianG.Michaels 41 EmergingTropicalViralInfections:Dengue,Chikungunya, andZika ............................................. 987 AlexandreMachadodeSant’AnnaCarvalhoand ClarisseMartinsMachado 42 YellowFever:PreventioninTransplantCandidatesand EmergingTreatmentDataforLiverTransplant .............. 1011 AliceTungWanSongandLuizAugustoCarneiroD’Albuquerque 43 ViralEncephalitidesIncludingRabiesandLymphocytic ChoriomeningitisVirus:ImpactinTransplantDonorsand Recipients ............................................ 1027 AalokKholeandNicoleM.Theodoropoulos PartIV FungalInfectionsIntroduction ...................... 1043 44 CandidaInfectionsinSolidOrganTransplantation ............ 1045 NicolasBarrosandMichaelK.Mansour
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