Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

374 Pages·2018·51.648 MB·English

by  K T Chau (editor)

Emerging
Technologies for
Electric and
Hybrid Vehicles
Selected articles published by MDPI
www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Emerging Technologies for Electric and
Hybrid Vehicles

Emerging Technologies for Electric and
Hybrid Vehicles
Selected Articles Published by MDPI
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Contents
Preface to ”Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Fuad Un-Noor, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Lucian Mihet-Popa, Mohammad Nurunnabi
Mollah and Eklas Hossain
A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges,
Impacts, and Future Direction of Development
Reprinted from: Energies 2017, 10, 1217, doi: 10.3390/en10081217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Angel Alejandro Juan, Carlos Alberto Mendez, Javier Faulin, Jesica de Armas and
Scott Erwin Grasman
Electric Vehicles in Logistics and Transportation: A Survey on Emerging Environmental,
Strategic, and Operational Challenges
Reprinted from: Energies 2016, 9, 86, doi: 10.3390/en9020086 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
GertBerckmans,MaartenMessagie,JelleSmekens,NoshinOmar,LieselotVanhaverbeke,
JoeriVanMierlo
CostProjectionofStateoftheArtLithium-IonBatteriesforElectricVehiclesUpto2030
Reprintedfrom:Energies2017,10,1314,doi:10.3390/en10091314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
MuhammedAlhanouti,MartinGießler,ThomasBlankandFrankGauterin
NewElectro-ThermalBatteryPackModelofanElectricVehicle
Reprintedfrom:Energies2016,9,563,doi:10.3390/en9070563 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
ZuchangGao,ChengSiongChin,JoelHayKingChiew,JunboJiaandCaizhiZhang
Design and Implementation of a Smart Lithium-Ion Battery System with Real-Time Fault
DiagnosisCapabilityforElectricVehicles
Reprintedfrom:Energies2017,10,1503,doi:10.3390/en10101503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
JufengYang,BingXia,YunlongShang,WenxinHuangandChrisMi
Improved Battery Parameter Estimation Method Considering Operating Scenarios for
HEV/EVApplications
Reprintedfrom:Energies2017,10,5,doi:10.3390/en10010005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
HuiruZhaoandNanaLi
OptimalSitingofChargingStationsforElectricVehiclesBasedonFuzzyDelphiandHybrid
Multi-CriteriaDecisionMakingApproachesfromanExtendedSustainabilityPerspective
Reprintedfrom:Energies2016,9,270,doi:10.3390/en9040270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
MarcoE.T.GerardsandJohannL.Hurink
RobustPeak-ShavingforaNeighborhoodwithElectricVehicles
Reprintedfrom:Energies2016,9,594,doi:10.3390/en9080594 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Ching-MingLai
Development of a Novel Bidirectional DC/DC Converter Topology with High Voltage
ConversionRatioforElectricVehiclesandDC-Microgrids
Reprintedfrom:Energies2016,9,410,doi:10.3390/en9060410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
v
LiangChu,Yi-fanJia,Dong-shengChen,NanXu,Yan-weiWang,XinTangandZheXu
Research on Control Strategies of an Open-End Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Driving Motor (OW-PMSM)-Equipped Dual Inverter with a Switchable Winding Mode for
ElectricVehicles
Reprintedfrom:Energies2017,10,616,doi:10.3390/en10050616 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
HanhoSon,KyusikPark,SunghoHwangandHyunsooKim
Design Methodology of a Power Split Type Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Considering
DrivetrainLosses
Reprintedfrom:Energies2017,10,437,doi:10.3390/en10040437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
JingxianHao,ZhuopingYu,ZhiguoZhao,PeihongShenandXiaowenZhan
OptimizationofKeyParametersofEnergyManagementStrategyforHybridElectricVehicle
UsingDIRECTAlgorithm
Reprintedfrom:Energies2016,9,997,doi:10.3390/en9120997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
ZhenshiWang,XuezheWeiandHaifengDai
DesignandControlofa3kWWirelessPowerTransferSystemforElectricVehicles
Reprintedfrom:Energies2016,9,10,doi:10.3390/en9010010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Karam Hwang, Jaeyong Cho, Dongwook Kim, Jaehyoung Park, Jong Hwa Kwon,
SangIlKwak,HyunHoParkandSeungyoungAhn
AnAutonomousCoilAlignmentSystemfortheDynamicWirelessChargingofElectricVehicles
toMinimizeLateralMisalignment
Reprintedfrom:Energies2017,10,315,doi:10.3390/en10030315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
QinghongPengandQunguiDu
ProgressinHeatPumpAirConditioningSystemsforElectricVehicles—AReview
Reprintedfrom:Energies2016,9,240,doi:10.3390/en9040240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
vi
Preface to ”Emerging Technologies for Electric and
Hybrid Vehicles”
Electric and hybrid vehicles are probably the cleanest and greenest road transportation, and
are currently superseding internal combustion engine vehicles. The purpose of this book is to
collect the wisdom of contributors with expertise in various technologies for electric and hybrid
vehicles. Hence, the book will consolidate emerging technologies for electric and hybrid vehicles,
with an emphasis on three main themes—the energy systems, the propulsion systems and the
auxiliary systems.
In this book, fifteen outstanding papers are collected. Firstly, it starts with general reviews of
electric vehicle technologies as well as their challenges, developments and applications. Secondly,
some emerging technologies within the field of energy systems for electric and hybrid vehicles,
including their battery costing, modeling, fault diagnosis and parameter estimation, are presented.
Apart from these on-board energy systems, off-board energy systems for electric vehicles are
discussed, which include the optimal siting of charging stations, grid-aware peak shaving and the
bidirectional converter interface with DC microgrids. Thirdly, two emerging technologies in the field
of propulsion systems are elaborated, namely open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous
motor driving for electric vehicles and power split type hybrid drivetrains for plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles. Finally, three emerging technologies in the field of auxiliary systems, namely the optimal
energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles, wireless charging systems for electric
vehicles and heat pump air conditioning systems for electric vehicles are discussed.
There is a Chinese idiom, “when you drink water, think of its source”. Hence, I have to express
my special thanks to all contributors to this book. Another Chinese idiom, “collective wisdom reaps
wide benefits” assures that the expertise of various contributors will gather together to derive solid
knowledge of electric and hybrid vehicles, which is beneficial not only to technological advancement
but also to knowledge exchange. Without their contributions, this book would not have seen the
light of day.
While electric and hybrid vehicles are a driving force of a better environment, my family
is the propulsive force for my work on electric and hybrid vehicles. I would like to make use
of this chance to express my heartfelt gratitude to Aten Man-Ho and Joan Wai-Yi for their
heartfelt support throughout.
K.T. Chau
The University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong
vii

energies
Review
A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV)
Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and
Future Direction of Development
FuadUn-Noor1,SanjeevikumarPadmanaban2,*,LucianMihet-Popa3,
MohammadNurunnabiMollah1andEklasHossain4,*
1 DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineering,KhulnaUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology,
Khulna9203,Bangladesh;[email protected](F.U.-N.);[email protected](M.N.M.)
2 DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,UniversityofJohannesburg,
AucklandPark2006,SouthAfrica
3 FacultyofEngineering,ØstfoldUniversityCollege,Kobberslagerstredet5,1671Kråkeroy-Fredrikstad,
Norway;[email protected]
4 DepartmentofElectricalEngineering&RenewableEnergy,OregonTech,KlamathFalls,OR97601,USA
* Correspondence:[email protected](S.P.);[email protected](E.H.);
Tel.:[phone](S.P.);[phone](E.H.)
AcademicEditor:SergioSaponara
Received:8May2017;Accepted:21July2017;Published:17August2017
Abstract: Electricvehicles(EV),includingBatteryElectricVehicle(BEV),HybridElectricVehicle
(HEV),Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle(PHEV),FuelCellElectricVehicle(FCEV),arebecoming
morecommonplaceinthetransportationsectorinrecenttimes.Asthepresenttrendsuggests,this
modeoftransportislikelytoreplaceinternalcombustionengine(ICE)vehiclesinthenearfuture.
EachofthemainEVcomponentshasanumberoftechnologiesthatarecurrentlyinuseorcan
becomeprominentinthefuture. EVscancausesignificantimpactsontheenvironment,power
system, andotherrelatedsectors. Thepresentpowersystemcouldfacehugeinstabilitieswith
enoughEVpenetration,butwithpropermanagementandcoordination,EVscanbeturnedintoa
majorcontributortothesuccessfulimplementationofthesmartgridconcept.Therearepossibilities
ofimmenseenvironmentalbenefitsaswell,astheEVscanextensivelyreducethegreenhousegas
emissionsproducedbythetransportationsector.However,therearesomemajorobstaclesforEVs
toovercomebeforetotallyreplacingICEvehicles.Thispaperisfocusedonreviewingalltheuseful
dataavailableonEVconfigurations,batteryenergysources,electricalmachines,chargingtechniques,
optimizationtechniques,impacts,trends,andpossibledirectionsoffuturedevelopments.Itsobjective
istoprovideanoverallpictureofthecurrentEVtechnologyandwaysoffuturedevelopmentto
assistinfutureresearchesinthissector.
Keywords:electricvehicle;energysources;motors;chargingtechnologies;effectsofEVs;limitations
ofEVs;energymanagement;controlalgorithms;globalEVsales;trendsandfuturedevelopments
1.Introduction
Inrecenttimes,electricvehicles(EV)aregainingpopularity,andthereasonsbehindthisaremany.
Themosteminentoneistheircontributioninreducinggreenhousegas(GHG)emissions. In2009,
thetransportationsectoremitted25%oftheGHGsproducedbyenergyrelatedsectors[1].EVs,with
enoughpenetrationinthetransportationsector,areexpectedtoreducethatfigure,butthisisnotthe
onlyreasonbringingthiscenturyoldandoncedeadconceptbacktolife,thistimeasacommercially
viableandavailableproduct.Asavehicle,anEVisquiet,easytooperate,anddoesnothavethefuel
costsassociatedwithconventionalvehicles.Asanurbantransportmode,itishighlyuseful.Itdoes
Energies 2017,10,1217;doi:10.3390/en10081217 1 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies