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Hamid R. Taghiyari Jeffrey J. Morrell Azamal Husen Editors Emerging Nanomaterials Opportunities and Challenges in Forestry Sectors Emerging Nanomaterials Hamid R. Taghiyari • Jeffrey J. Morrell Azamal Husen Editors Emerging Nanomaterials Opportunities and Challenges in Forestry Sectors Editors Hamid R. Taghiyari Jeffrey J. Morrell Department of Wood Science National Centre of Timber and Technology Durability & Design Life Faculty of Materials Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast and New Technologies, Shahid Rajaee Brisbane, Australia Teacher Training University Tehran, Iran Azamal Husen Wolaita Sodo University Wolaita, Ethiopia ISBN 978-3-031-17377-6 ISBN 978-3-031-17378-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17378-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Bio-based materials, including those containing wood, will become increasingly important as we move to a bio-based economy. Among other attributes, two are of vital importance: firstly, they are renewable, thus, with proper management, a sus- tainable development can be established on their basis; secondly, bio-based materials can be more environmentally friendly. While wood is an amazing material, it still has negative attributes and drawbacks that can affect performance, including dimensional instability when wetted, vulnerability to fire and high temperatures, and susceptibility to biodeterioration. A variety of treatments have been developed to overcome these weaknesses. Among the most exciting of these treatments are nanomaterials. These materials have some exceptionally attractive properties for improving timber performance and have been the subject of intensive research over the past decade. There is a tremendous need for a single comprehensive source of information on this rapidly emerging subject with tremendous potential to enhance the performance of a variety of bio-based materials. This book contains 10 chapters, each compiled by different authors who are considered top researchers in their respective fields. The chapters begin with some basic background on nanomaterials and their synthesis, then explore different areas for potential applications, and then conclude with a review of the emerging questions about nanomaterials safety. The book is designed to provide the latest information and know-how on application and utilization of different nanomaterials to improve the properties of wood and wood- based composite panels. The contents cover some main topics in the industry from improvement in physical and mechanical properties to increased resistance to bio- degradation (including fungi and insects) to the development of wood-plastic v vi Preface composites (WPCs) or emergence of transparent wood. It also covers the use of nanomaterials to improve the performance of paints and finishes used for forest products. The book provides a single location for those interested in the field to better understand the potential of these materials. Tehran, Iran Hamid R. Taghiyari Brisbane, QLD, Australia Jeffrey J. Morrell Wolaita, Ethiopia Azamal Husen Contents Emerging Nanomaterials for Forestry and Associated Sectors: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Hamid R. Taghiyari, Jeffrey J. Morrell, and Azamal Husen Potential of Nanomaterials in Bio-Based Wood Adhesives: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Petar Antov, Seng Hua Lee, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, and Sumit Manohar Yadav Nanomaterials to Improve Fire Properties in Wood and Wood-Based Composite Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Jakub Kawalerczyk, Joanna Walkiewicz, Dorota Dziurka, and Radosław Mirski Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs): Applications of Nanomaterials . . . . . . 97 Mustafa Zor, Fatih Mengeloğlu, Deniz Aydemir, Ferhat Şen, Engin Kocatürk, Zeki Candan, and Orhan Ozcelik Nanomaterials to Improve Properties in Wood-Based Composite Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Viktor Savov Nanomaterials to Improve the Strength of Wooden Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Roger Moya and Carolina Tenorio Application of Nanomaterials for Wood Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Tumirah Khadiran, Latifah Jasmani, and Rafeadah Rusli Nanocellulose in Paper and Board Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Ayhan Tozluoglu, Saim Ates, Ekrem Durmaz, Selva Sertkaya, Recai Arslan, Orhan Ozcelik, and Zeki Candan vii viii Contents Green Materials for Radiation Shielding: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Ertuğrul Demir, Zeki Candan, Ning Yan, Araz Rajabi-Abhari, Özlem Vural, Matlab Mirzayev, Evgeni Popov, S. İpek Karaaslan, and Bülent Büyük Formaldehyde Emissions from Wood- Based Composites: Effects of Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Charalampos Lykidis Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 About the Editors Hamid R. Taghiyari’s, main area of expertise is fluid flow and permeability in wood and wood-based composites, wood modification techniques, and utilization of nanomaterials in wood and wood-based composites. He has intensively worked on the effects of different nanomaterials on properties of solid wood (different species), and composite panels as well, over the last two decades. He began work with nanometals (including silver, cop- per, zinc oxide); soon, he turned to minerals as they are more abundant and cheaper, and cause lesser environmental hazards. The results of his studies have been published in a wide range of academic journals. He had the privilege of mentoring more than 40 postgraduate stu- dents, mainly on utilization of nanomaterials to improve different properties in solid wood, as well wood-based composite panels, including physical and mechanical properties, fire-retardant properties, and biological durability against wood- deteriorating fungi and insects. Jeffrey J. Morrell, holds BSc and PhD degrees form the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, in forest biology and forest pathology and mycology, respectively, as well as an MSc from Pennsylvania State University in plant pathology (nematology). He has over 40 years of experience in the field of wood science, concentrating on durability. His research has spanned the field from understanding the fungal sequences during decay to the use of various chemicals to minimize fungal attack and ultimately to the movement and fate of preserva- tives, especially in aquatic environments. He has been fortunate to mentor more than 50 postgraduate stu- ix x About the Editors dents. He is currently director of the National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Brisbane, Australia, and is actively engaged in research related to enhancing the performance of cellulosic materials. Azamal Husen, currently a foreign delegate at Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia, has served the University of Gondar, Ethiopia, as Full Professor of Biology, and worked there as the coordinator of the MSc program and as the head of the Department of Biology. Earlier, he was a visiting faculty at the Forest Research Institute and the Doon College of Agriculture and Forest in Dehra Dun, India. His research and teaching experience of 20 years involves studies of biogenic nanomaterial fabrication and application; plant responses to nanomaterials; plant adaptation to harsh environments at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels; herbal medicine; and clonal propaga- tion for improvement of tree species. He has conducted several research projects sponsored by various funding agencies, including the World Bank (FREEP), the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP), the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), the Indian Council of Forest Research Education (ICFRE), and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). He received four fellowships from India and a recognition award from the University of Gondar, Ethiopia, for excellent teaching, research, and commu- nity service. Dr. Husen has been on the editorial boards and the panel of reviewers of several reputed journals published by Elsevier, Frontiers Media, Taylor & Francis, Springer Nature, RSC, Oxford University Press, Sciendo, The Royal Society, CSIRO, PLOS, MDPI, and John Wiley & Sons. He is on the advisory board of Cambridge Scholars Publishing, UK. Dr. Husen is a fellow of the Plantae Group of the American Society of Plant Biologists, and a member of the International Society of Root Research, Asian Council of Science Editors, and INPST. He has more than 175 publications to his credit. He is editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Plant Physiology, and a series editor of Exploring Medicinal Plants (Taylor & Francis Group, USA); Plant Biology, Sustainability, and Climate Change (Elsevier, USA); and Smart Nanomaterials Technology (Springer Nature, Singapore).