Emerging Epidemics: Management and Control

753 Pages·2013·11.482 MB·English

by  P.S. Bisen

Emerging Epidemics
Management and Control
Emerging Epidemics
Management and Control
Prakash S. Bisen and Ruchika Raghuvanshi
Defense Research Development Establishment
Defense Research Development Organization
Ministry of Defense, Government of India
Gwalior, India
Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Bisen, Prakash S.
Emerging epidemics : management and control / Prakash S. Bisen and Ruchika Raghuvanshi.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-39323-9 (cloth : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-39325-3 (epub) – ISBN 978-1-118-39326-0
(epdf) – ISBN 978-1-118-39327-7 – ISBN 978-1-118-39328-4 (emobi)
I. Raghuvanshi, Ruchika. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Communicable Diseases, Emerging–prevention & control. 2. Epidemics–prevention &
control. 3. Communicable Disease Control–standards. 4. Hazardous Substances–standards. WA 110]
RA651
614.4–dc23
2013006644
Printed in Malaysia
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
We would like to dedicate this work to our mentor Professor G. P. Agarwal,
Founder Professor of Microbiology and Former Dean, Faculty of Life
Sciences, R. D. University, Jabalpur, M. P., India. He is the pioneer to start
Life Science teaching and research in this region with modest resources.
The institution has now full facilities in teaching and research in various
fields of life sciences under one roof with financial support from several
national and international funding agencies.

Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1 Prologue 3
Introduction 3
Causative Factors 7
Salient Features 11
Emerging Epidemics 11
Re-Emerging Epidemics 17
Antimicrobial Resistance 18
Public Health Implications 20
References 22
Chapter 2 Epidemics Fundamentals 24
Introduction 24
Definitions 24
Types of Epidemics 26
Epidemiological Triad 29
Forecasting an Epidemic 31
Contingency Plan 33
Investigation of Epidemics 35
Management of Epidemics 38
Control of Epidemics 39
Principles of Planning Emergency Services 41
References 44
Chapter 3 Disasters and Epidemics 46
Fundamentals 46
Contributory Factors 51
Investigation of Rumors 52
References 54
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 4 Biosafety 56
Introduction 56
Components 57
Hand Washing 61
Preventing Needlestick Injuries 62
Safe Transport of Biological Material 64
Safe Decontamination of Spills 65
Safe Handling of Dead Bodies 67
Personal Protective Equipment 69
Management of Biomedical Waste 69
Infection Control Check List 71
Biosafety Levels 71
Accreditation of Hospitals and Laboratories 74
References 75
Chapter 5 Tuberculosis 76
History 76
Magnitude 78
Agent Factors 81
Host Factors and High-Risk Groups 88
Environmental Factors 89
Modes of Transmission 90
Pathology and Immunology 91
Clinical Manifestations 96
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis 101
Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS) 119
Tuberculosis and HIV 135
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 140
Prevention and Control 142
Social and Cultural Factors 145
References 148
Chapter 6 Plague 154
History of Plague 154
Magnitude 155
Agent Factors 157
Host Factors 158
Environmental Factors 159
Reservoir 159
Mode of Transmission 160
Clinical Manifestations 161
Laboratory Diagnosis 164
Differential Diagnosis 170
Clinical Management 170
Prevention and Control 172
References 174
Contents ix
Chapter 7 Leptospirosis 176
Introduction 176
Magnitude 176
Agent Factors 177
Host Factors 179
Environmental Factors 182
Mode of Transmission 183
Pathology and Immunology 183
Clinical Manifestations 185
Laboratory Diagnosis 189
Clinical Management 206
Surveillance 210
Investigation of an Outbreak 211
Prevention and Control 213
References 217
Chapter 8 Dengue 220
Introduction 220
Magnitude 221
Agent Factors 222
Host Factors 228
Environmental Factors 230
Vector Biology 231
Clinical Features 235
Laboratory Diagnosis 244
Immune Response to Dengue Virus 245
Clinical Management 248
Investigation of Outbreaks 253
Prevention and Control 257
References 259
Chapter 9 Japanese Encephalitis 263
History 263
Magnitude of the Problem 264
Epidemiology 266
Vector Biology 270
Clinical Features 270
Differential Diagnosis 271
Laboratory Diagnosis 272
Case Management 275
Prevention and Control 278
References 280
Chapter 10 Chikungunya Fever 283
Introduction 283
Epidemiology 284
x Contents
The Chikungunya Virus 284
Clinical Features 291
Laboratory Diagnosis 298
Differential Diagnosis 300
Clinical Management 301
Investigation of Outbreaks 306
Treatment 307
Prevention and Control 308
References 311
Chapter 11 West Nile Fever 316
Epidemiology 316
Global Scenario 317
The Etiological Agent 318
Clinical Features 322
Laboratory Diagnosis 324
Clinical Management 326
Investigation of Outbreaks 327
Prevention and Control 330
References 336
Chapter 12 Chandipura Virus Encephalitis 340
Epidemiology 340
The Chandipura Virus 341
Clinical Features 350
Laboratory Diagnosis 351
Differential Diagnosis 353
Clinical Management 354
Investigation of Outbreaks 356
Prevention and Control 358
References 359
Chapter 13 Kyasanur Forest Disease 361
Introduction 361
Epidemiology 362
Vector Biology 363
Clinical Features 366
Differential Diagnosis 366
Laboratory Diagnosis 368
Case Management 369
Prevention and Control 371
References 374
Chapter 14 Hantavirus Disease 375
Introduction 375
Epidemiology and Global Scenario 376
The Etiological Agent 381
Clinical Features 387