Emerging and Eco-Friendly Approaches for Waste Management

443 Pages·2019·7.2 MB·English

by  Ram Naresh Bharagava

Ram Naresh Bharagava 
Pankaj Chowdhary Editors
Emerging and
Eco-Friendly
Approaches for Waste
Management
Emerging and Eco-Friendly Approaches for Waste
Management
Ram Naresh Bharagava • Pankaj Chowdhary
Editors
Emerging and Eco-Friendly
Approaches for Waste
Management
Editors
Ram Naresh Bharagava Pankaj Chowdhary
Department of Environmental Microbiology Department of Environmental Microbiology
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
(A Central University) (A Central University)
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
ISBN 978-981-10-8668-7 ISBN 978-981-10-8669-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8669-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942202
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Preface
Rapid industrialization and urbanization is a serious concern for healthy and green
environment. The contamination of environments (soil/water/air) with various toxic
pollutants released from natural as well as anthropogenic activities and their adverse
effects on living organisms needs focused research to mitigate and solve these prob-
lems. This book provides a detailed knowledge on the different types of emerging
toxic environmental pollutants discharged from various natural and anthropogenic
sources, their toxicological effects in environments, humans, animals, and plants, as
well as their biodegradation and bioremediation approaches by various emerging
and eco-friendly approaches such as anammox technology, advance oxidation pro-
cesses, membrane bioreactors, microbial degradation (bacteria, fungi, algae, etc.),
and phytoremediation. Hence, this book provides a detailed knowledge on various
types of emerging and eco-friendly approaches for the degradation and detoxifica-
tion of pollutants, which is urgently required for the safety of environment, human,
animal, and plants health.
Chapter 1 conveys an impression on the usage, advantages, and shortcomings of
current conventional, emerging treatment technologies available for the manage-
ment of waste products generated by industrial activities. It is the overall introduc-
tion about different wastewater producing industries and toxic organic and inorganic
pollutants generated and their adequate treatment methodologies before its final
disposal into the environment. Chapter 2 highlights the emerging contaminants con-
stituting a group of natural and synthetic chemicals and microorganisms, which
have proved to cause serious effects in laboratory organisms and therefore a threat
to human, animal, and aquatic organisms. These are assumed to act as endocrine
disruptors, are carcinogenic and teratogenic, and interfere with sex and reproduc-
tion of organisms. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the application of bioremedia-
tion of contaminated sites owing to municipal solid waste. The application of
bioremediation technologies and well-organized mechanisms for environmental
safety measures of these methods were discussed. Because some pollutants can seri-
ously affect the environment, this chapter furthermore suggests strategies for better
remediation of contaminated sites. Chapter 4 describes the anammox start-up and
enrichment process in a submerge bioreactor and discusses about the performance
v
vi Preface
of anammox bacteria for treating industrial wastewaters with relevant updated
information. In this chapter, several reports showed that anaerobic membrane biore-
actors (AnMBRs) were operated for a period of 100 to 500 days under completely
anaerobic conditions and fed with synthetic media. This work demonstrated that
anammox cultures can be enriched from sludges conveniently sourced from anaero-
bic digesters in a reasonable time frame using the AnMBR, thus enabling the next
stage of utilizing the biomass for treatment of industrial wastewaters.
Chapter 5 explores the various positive and negative impacts of distillery indus-
tries (DIs) wastes. DI is one of the most alarming dangers that faces living being
including human and animals. The wastewater generated from distilleries creates a
hazardous problem and causes serious environmental issues. Moreover, distillery
wastewater (DWW) or spent wash has not only negative impact on environment but
also positive aspects such as ferti-irrigation, energy generation, concentration by
evaporation, production of many value-added products, etc. Chapter 6 describes
about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are a class of diverse
organic compounds with two or more intertwined benzene rings in a linear, angular,
or bunch arrangement. Expulsion of PAHs is crucial as these are persevering toxins
with ubiquitous event and adverse natural impacts. There are several remedial tech-
niques, which are productive and financially savvy in elimination or removal of
PAHs from the contaminated environment. However, biological approaches appear
to be the most efficient and cost- effective environmental-friendly method to decon-
taminate PAHs from source. Chapter 7 mainly highlights that industrial wastewaters
such as distillery, pulp and paper, and tannery have endocrine-disrupting chemicals
(EDCs), which cause serious effects in living organisms. EDC is a chemical agent,
which interferes the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, or elimination of natu-
ral hormones in human and animal body that play a key role for the maintenance of
various physiological and cellular functions such as homeostasis, reproduction,
development, and behavioral activities. These also play significant role in metabo-
lism, sexual development, hormones production and their utilization in growth,
stress response, gender behavior, and reproduction even in development of living
organisms. Therefore, there is an urgent need of awareness and critical research on
the endocrine-disrupting chemicals present in industrial wastewaters.
Chapter 8 highlights arsenic (As) toxicity and several conventional and emerging
remediation methods. Arsenic is necessary for living beings. However, it is also an
emerging issue by virtue of the toxicity it causes in living beings including human
and animals. Basically, the groundwater contaminated by arsenic, coming from
sources including arsenic-affected aquifers, has severely threatened humanity
around the world. Arsenic poisoning is worse in Bangladesh and Uttar Pradesh
where As(III) is found in higher concentration in groundwater. The dissolution pro-
cess caused by oxidation and reduction reactions leads to natural occurrence of
arsenic in groundwater. Microalgae possess a unique metabolic process making
them highly efficient for the removal of nutrients as well as organic pollutants from
industrial wastewater such as alcohol distillery wastewater. Microalgae generate
dissolved oxygen increasing the efficiency of alcohol distillery wastewater treat-
ment. Microalgal cells are represented to take up and store large amounts of N and
Preface vii
phosphorus as described in Chap. 9. Chapter 10 mainly highlights the endophytes
and their significant role in pollutants’ mitigation or removal. These exist in tissues
of host plant and have traditionally been studied for their plant growth-promoting
properties, biocontrol activities, and production of bioactive compounds. Their bio-
remediation potential is new and has tremendous opportunity for research and
development. Endophytes are therefore interesting microorganisms in our effort to
discover new tools for the bioremediation of pollutants. In this chapter, the nature of
endophytes, their tolerance to pollutants, and their application and mechanisms in
removing pollutants such as toxic metals and triphenylmethane dyes have been dis-
cussed in details. Chapter 11 mainly focuses on the textile wastewater toxicity pro-
file and various remediation strategies. This wastewater severely affects
photosynthetic function of plant as well as aquatic flora and fauna by eutrophica-
tion. So, the textile wastewater must be treated before their discharge. In this chap-
ter, different treatment methods to treat the textile wastewater have been discussed
such as physical methods (adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration),
chemical methods (chemical precipitation, coagulation and flocculation, chemical
oxidation), and biological methods (aerobic and anaerobic) discussed in detail.
Chapter 12 focuses on environmental exposure to toxic chemicals such as pesti-
cides and fungicides, which are a significant health risk for humans and other ani-
mals. Worldwide pesticides, fungicide, insecticides, herbicides, molluscicides,
nematicides, and rodenticides are used as plant growth regulators. The pesticides,
which are presently used, include a large composition of chemical compounds,
which have great differences in their mode of action, absorbance by the body,
metabolism, removal from the body, and the adverse effect on humans, animal, and
other living entities. Chapter 13 provides the overall information on sources, char-
acteristics, toxicity, and various physicochemical and biological treatment technol-
ogies for the management of pulp and paper mill wastewaters. Pulp and paper mill
wastewater at high concentration reduces the soil texture; inhibits seed germination
and growth and depletion of vegetation while in aquatic system; blocks the photo-
synthesis and decreases the dissolved oxygen (DO) level, which affects both flora
and fauna; and causes toxicity to aquatic ecosystem. The advantages and disadvan-
tages of several treatment methods (physicochemical and biological) have been also
discussed in this chapter to upgrade the knowledge on various treatment methods.
Chapter 14 mainly focused on the phytoremediation, using wild-type or transgenic
plants and their attendant rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria to remove metal pol-
lutants from contaminated sites. This environment friendly, cost-effective, and
plant-based technology is expected to have significant economic, aesthetic, and
technical advantages over traditional engineering approaches. Chapter 15 highlights
on peroxidases, which obtained from several plant sources such as horseradish, tur-
nip, soybean seed coat, pointed gourd, white radish, and some microbial sources
have successfully been immobilized on/in various types of organic, inorganic, and
nano supports by using different methods and employed for the treatment of indus-
trial wastewaters having phenolic pollutants in batch as well as in continuous reac-
tors. Chapter 16 mainly focuses on the nanotechnology and profitable production of
nanoparticles. It has the prospective to progress the environment, both through
viii Preface
direct utilization of those materials to distinguish, avoid, and eliminate contamina-
tion, likewise indirectly by applying the nanotechnology to intention cleaner manu-
facturing processes and generate environmentally accountable products. Chapter 17
describes the novel biphasic treatment approaches to remove pollutants from indus-
trial wastewater. Different biphasic treatment systems including liquid-liquid two-
phase partitioning and solid-liquid partitioning systems have proved successful for
the cleaning of effluents containing textile dyes, heavy metals, organic contami-
nants, pharmaceutical ingredients, and many other xenobiotic compounds. Chapter
18 mainly focuses on phycoremediation technology and their several remediation as
well as beneficial aspects for environmental sustainability. It is well known that
algae are widely distributed on the earth and are adapted to variety of habitats. This
unique feature of their fast adaptation allows the algae to develop wide range of
adoptable toward many environmental conditions, suited for wastewater remedia-
tion and production of biofuel and other value-added products, including food, feed,
fertilizer, pharmaceuticals, and, of late, biofuel.
Furthermore, this book also boosts up students, scientists, and researchers work-
ing in microbiology, biotechnology, and environmental sciences with the funda-
mental and advance knowledge about the environmental challenges. In addition,
readers can also get valuable information/awareness related to various environmen-
tal problems and their solutions.
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Ram Naresh Bharagava
Pankaj Chowdhary
Contents
1 Conventional Methods for the Removal of Industrial
Pollutants, Their Merits and Demerits.................................................. 1
Sandhya Mishra, Pankaj Chowdhary, and Ram Naresh Bharagava
2 Toxicological Aspects of Emerging Contaminants ............................... 33
Miraji Hossein
3 An Overview of the Potential of Bioremediation
for Contaminated Soil from Municipal Solid Waste Site .................... 59
Abhishek Kumar Awasthi, Jinhui Li, Akhilesh Kumar Pandey,
and Jamaluddin Khan
4 Anammox Cultivation in a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor .......... 69
M. Golam Mostafa
5 Toxicity, Beneficial Aspects and Treatment
of Alcohol Industry Wastewater ............................................................ 83
Pankaj Chowdhary and Ram Naresh Bharagava
6 Bioremediation Approaches for Degradation
and Detoxification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons .................. 99
Pavan Kumar Agrawal, Rahul Shrivastava, and Jyoti Verma
7 Endocrine-Disrupting Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater
and Their Degradation and Detoxification Approaches ...................... 121
Izharul Haq and Abhay Raj
8 Arsenic Toxicity and Its Remediation Strategies
for Fighting the Environmental Threat ................................................. 143
Vishvas Hare, Pankaj Chowdhary, Bhanu Kumar, D. C. Sharma,
and Vinay Singh Baghel
9 Microalgal Treatment of Alcohol Distillery Wastewater ..................... 171
Alexei Solovchenko
ix
x Contents
10 Endophytes: Emerging Tools for the Bioremediation
of Pollutants ............................................................................................. 189
Carrie Siew Fang Sim, Si Hui Chen, and Adeline Su Yien Ting
11 Textile Wastewater Dyes: Toxicity Profile
and Treatment Approaches .................................................................... 219
Sujata Mani, Pankaj Chowdhary, and Ram Naresh Bharagava
12 Pesticide Contamination: Environmental Problems
and Remediation Strategies ................................................................... 245
Siddharth Boudh and Jay Shankar Singh
13 Recent Advances in Physico-chemical and Biological
Techniques for the Management of Pulp and Paper Mill Waste ........ 271
Surabhi Zainith, Pankaj Chowdhary, and Ram Naresh Bharagava
14 Role of Rhizobacteria in Phytoremediation
of Metal-Impacted Sites .......................................................................... 299
Reda A. I. Abou-Shanab, Mostafa M. El-Sheekh,
and Michael J. Sadowsky
15 Remediation of Phenolic Compounds from Polluted
Water by Immobilized Peroxidases ....................................................... 329
Qayyum Husain
16 Nanoparticles: An Emerging Weapon for Mitigation/Removal
of Various Environmental Pollutants
for Environmental Safety ....................................................................... 359
Gaurav Hitkari, Sandhya Singh, and Gajanan Pandey
17 Biphasic Treatment System for the Removal of Toxic
and Hazardous Pollutants from Industrial Wastewaters .................... 397
Ali Hussain, Sumaira Aslam, Arshad Javid,
Muhammad Rashid, Irshad Hussain, and Javed Iqbal Qazi
18 Phycotechnological Approaches Toward
Wastewater Management ....................................................................... 423
Atul Kumar Upadhyay, Ranjan Singh, and D. P. Singh