Emergency Point of Care Ultrasound 2e PDF
Preview Emergency Point of Care Ultrasound 2e
Emergency Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Emergency Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Second Edition Edited by James A. Connolly Anthony J. Dean Beatrice Hoffmann Robert D. Jarman This edition first published 2017 © 2014, 2017 by John Wiley and Sons Ltd First edition published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing, Ltd Registered office: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030‐5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell The right of James A. Connolly, Anthony J. Dean, Beatrice Hoffmann and Robert D. Jarman to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for ISBN: 9780470657577 (Paperback) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: Courtesy of Beatrice Hoffmann Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2017 v Contents List of Contributors x About the Companion Website xvii Introduction: What is Point-of-Care Ultrasound? 1 James A. Connolly, Anthony J. Dean, Beatrice Hoffmann and Robert D. Jarman Part 1 Physics 5 1 How Does Ultrasound Work? 7 Heather Venables Part 2 Ultrasound by Region 13 Thorax 14 2 Evaluation of the Chest Wall, Pleura and Lung 15 Gebhard Mathis and Anthony J. Dean 3 Point-of-Care Ultrasonography of the Thoracic Aorta 32 R. Andrew Taylor and Christopher L. Moore 4 Anatomy/Ultrasonography of the Heart 39 Conn Russell 5 Basic Point-of-Care Echocardiography: Interpretation and Haemodynamic Assessment 47 Craig Morris 6 Beyond Basic Point-of-Care Echocardiography 56 Sean Bennett Abdomen 69 7 Ultrasound Assessment of the Abdominal Aorta in the Acute Setting 71 Simon Richards vi Contents 8 Focussed Assessment with Sonography in Trauma – The FAST Exam 83 Rajat Gangahar 9 Advanced Gastrointestinal Ultrasound: Identifying Appendicitis, Pneumoperitoneum, Intussusception and Diverticulitis 101 Beatrice Hoffmann and Sara Damewood 10 Intravascular Volume Assessment by Ultrasound Evaluation of the Inferior Vena Cava 115 Anthony J. Dean 11 Emergency Ultrasound in First-Trimester Pregnancy 126 Andrew M. Kestler and John L. Kendall 12 Second- and Third-Trimester Pregnancy 143 Elena Skomorovsky, John Gullett and David C. Pigott 13 Gynaecological Ultrasound in Emergency Medicine: The Non-Pregnant Female Patient with Abdomino-Pelvic Pain 152 Martha Villalba and Michael Lambert 14 Focused Hepatobiliary Ultrasound 162 Resa Lewiss 15 Renal Ultrasound 175 Lisa Munro Davies 16 Ultrasound Evaluation of the Acute Scrotum 194 J. Matthew Fields Extremities 203 17 The Lower Limb and the Upper Limb 205 David Lewis and John Gullett 18 Ultrasonography of Deep Venous Thrombosis 221 Joshua S. Rempell and Vicki E. Noble 19 Transcranial Doppler 233 John Gullett 20 Ocular Ultrasound 241 Anumeha Singh and Dietrich von Kuenssberg Jehle 21 Airway/Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Sonography 251 Barton Brown and Srikar Adhikari Contents vii Part 3 Paediatrics 259 22 Paediatric Musculoskeletal Point-of-Care Ultrasound 261 Paul Atkinson and Peter Ross 23 Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care 270 Mahmoud A. Elbarbary 24 Paediatric Abdominal Ultrasound 280 Jennifer R. Marin Part 4 Adjunct to Practical Procedures 287 25 Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Access 289 Nova L. Panebianco 26 Pericardiocentesis, Paracentesis and Thoracentesis 296 David B. Richards 27 Suprapubic Aspiration and Catheterisation 302 Fernando Silva 28 Ultrasound in the Management of Fractures 307 Paul Atkinson and Peter Ross 29 Ultrasound-Guided (USG) Peripheral Nerve Block (PNB) 314 Jens Børglum and Kenneth Jensen 30 Foreign Body and Abscess 331 Erskine J. Holmes 31 Ultrasound of the Airway 337 Christopher T. Wall, Seth R. Strote, Liberty V. Caroon and Robert F. Reardon Part 5 Syndromic Approach 347 32 Chest Pain and Dyspnea 349 Lawrence A. Melniker 33 Bedside Ultrasound as an Adjunct in the Evaluation and Management of Critically Ill Patients 355 Anthony J. Dean and Sarah A. Stahmer viii Contents 34 Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Resuscitation and Cardiac Arrest: The FEEL Protocol 371 Elena Costantini, Peter M. Zechner, Frank Heringer, Colleen Cuca, Felix Walcher and Raoul Breitkreutz 35 Non-Invasive Haemodynamics 375 Erik Sloth, Christian Alcaraz Frederiksen and Peter Juhl-Olsen 36 Doppler Assessment of Haemodynamics 379 Brendan E. Smith and Veronica M. Madigan 37 Algorithmic Bedside Approach to the Major Trauma Patient in Extremis 386 Robert Arntfield and Andrew W. Kirkpatrick 38 A Syndromic Approach with Sonography to the Patient with Abdominal Pain 392 Jonathan Fischer and Pablo Aguillera 39 A Syndromic Approach to the Pregnant Patient 400 Joseph Wood 40 The Use of Ultrasound in Evaluating Dyspnoea/Respiratory Distress in Infants and Children 404 Roberto Copetti and Luigi Cattarossi 41 Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Human Immune-Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) Co-Infection: The FASH Scan 410 Hein Lamprecht 42 Fever and Ultrasound 418 Gabriel Simon and Beatrice Hoffmann Part 6 Different Environments 423 43 The Role of Ultrasound in Pre-Hospital Care 425 Tim Harris, Adam Bystrzycki and Stefan M. Mazur Appendix A1: Selected Protocols for Cardiac and Critical Care Ultrasound 440 44 Use of Ultrasound in Extreme or Hostile Environments (Online only) 454 Kenton Anderson 45 Setting Up an Ultrasound Programme in Underdeveloped Healthcare Systems (Online only) 462 Hein Lamprecht and John Sloan Contents ix Part 7 Administration (Online only) 471 46 Best Practice and Future Developments in Point-of-Care Ultrasound (Online only) 473 Robert D. Jarman 47 The Role of Phantoms and Simulation in Teaching Ultrasound Skills in Emergency Medicine (Online only) 479 Mike Wells and Lara Goldstein 48 Ultrasound in Undergraduate Medical Education (Online only) 487 Richard A. Hoppmann 49 Departmental Implementation: Setting up an Ultrasound Training Programme for Medical Students - Experience of Two Universities (Online only) 493 David C. Wherry and Mark W. Bowyer 50 Future of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (Online only) 503 Michael Blaivas Appendix A2: Normal Ultrasound Values (Online only) 506 Phil Johnstone Index 511 x List of Contributors Srikar Adhikari MD Sean Bennett MBBCh, FRCA Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine Consultant in Cardiac Anaesthesia and University of Arizona Department of Intensive Care Emergency Medicine; University of Hull Section Chief, Emergency Medicine Hull Royal Infirmary; Ultrasound Consultant in Cardiac and Intensive Care Tucson, AZ, USA Anaesthesia Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, East Pablo Aguillera MD Yorkshire Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine UK Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC) Michael Blaivas MD, FACEP, FAIUM Santiago, Chile Professor of Medicine University of South Carolina School Kenton Anderson MD, FACEP of Medicine Clinical Assistant Professor Columbia, SC; Director of Emergency Ultrasound Department of Emergency Medicine Research St Francis Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Columbus, GA, USA Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA Jens Børglum MD Consultant Anaesthetist Robert Arntfield MD, RDMS, FRCPC Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Associate Professor Care Division of Critical Care & Division of Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen Emergency Medicine Department of Medicine Denmark The University of Western Ontario London, ON Mark W. Bowyer MD, FACS, DMCC Canada Professor of Surgery Chief, Division of Combat and Trauma Surgery Paul Atkinson MBBA, FRCEM, FRCPC Director for Surgical Simulation Professor and Research Director The Norman M. Rich Department of Surgery Emergency Medicine F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine St Johns Regional Hospital Uniformed Services University of the Health Dalhousie University Sciences Saint John, NB, Canada Bethesda, MD, USA List of Contributors xi Raoul Breitkreutz, MD Colleen Cuca MD Associate Professor Hospital zum Heiligen Geist FINeST, Simulation Centre Teaching Hospital of Goethe‐University Goethe University Hospital of Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main am Main Germany Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany Sara Damewood MD Barton Brown MD Assistant Professor Department of Emergency Medicine Section Chief, Emergency Ultrasound Hancock Regional Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Indianapolis, IN University of Wisconsin School of Medicine USA and Public Health Madison, WI Adam Bystrzycki MBBS, FACEM, PgDip(Echo) USA Consultant Alfred Emergency and Trauma centre Lisa Munro Davies Senior Lecturer Monash University Consultant Australia Department of Emergency Medicine University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Liberty V. Caroon RDMS Trust Sonographer Bristol Royal Infirmary Department of Emergency Medicine Bristol Hennepin County Medical Center UK Minneapolis, MI USA Anthony J. Dean MD Professor of Emergency Medicine and of Luigi Cattarossi MD Emergency Medicine in Radiology Department of Pediatrics Director, Division of Emergency San Antonio Abate Hospital Ultrasonography Tolmezzo, Italy Department of Emergency Medicine James A. Connolly MBBS, FRCS(Ed), FRCS (Glas), University of Pennsylvania FRCEM Philadelphia, PA, USA Consultant and Head of Department Mahmoud A. Elbarbary MD, MSc, EDIC, PhD Great North Trauma and Emergency Care (Deceased) Centre Consultant and Assistant Professor, Critical Newcastle upon Tyne Care Medicine UK King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Roberto Copetti MD Health Sciences Department of Emergency Riyadh MedicineCattinara HospitalTrieste Saudi Arabia Italy J. Matthew Fields MD Elena Costantini MD Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Emergency Ultrasound Fellowship Director Luigi Sacco Hospital Thomas Jefferson University Hospital University of Milan Philadelphia, PA Italy USA
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