Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases PDF
Preview Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases
i Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases Second Edition ii iii Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases Second Edition Edited by Rachel L. Chin Professor of Emergency Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center San Francisco, CA Bradley W. Frazee Department of Emergency Medicine Alameda Health System – Highland Hospital Oakland, CA Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine San Francisco, CA Associate Editor Zlatan Coralic Assistant Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine Emergency Medicine Clinical Pharmacist University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA iv University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06- 04/ 06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107153158 DOI: 10.1017/9781316597095 © Cambridge University Press (2008) 2018 Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published: 2008 Second edition: 2018 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978- 1- 107- 15315- 8 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third- party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every eff ort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up- to- date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every eff ort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. Th e authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use. v Contents Preface page ix Contributors x i 1 Infective Endocarditis 1 17 Sinusitis 1 20 Jorge Fernandez and Jessica L. Osterman Aaron Kornblith 2 Pericarditis and Myocarditis 6 18 Supraglottitis (Epiglottis) 1 23 Jessica L. Osterman and Jorge Fernandez Aaron Kornblith 3 Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device 19 Parotitis 1 26 Infections 14 Nisa S. Atigapramoj Jorge Fernandez and Nicholas Pokrajac 20 Pharyngitis and Peritonsillar Abscess 1 29 4 Altered Mental Status in HIV- Infected Patients 1 8 Bradley W. Frazee Nisha Bhatia and Cheryl A. Jay 21 Deep Neck Space Infections 1 35 5 Botulism 2 6 Christopher Hahn and Bradley W. Frazee David M. Stier and Mary P. Mercer 22 Dental and Odontogenic Infections 140 6 Fever and Focal Cerebral Dysfunction 33 Bradley W. Frazee Serena S. Spudich and Leah T. Le 23 Infectious Biliary Diseases: Cholecystitis and 7 Infections Aff ecting the Spinal Cord 4 2 Cholangitis 146 Anh T. Nguyen and Debbie Yi Madhok Bryan Darger and Rachel L. Chin 8 Meningitis 5 0 24 Viral Hepatitis 1 55 Katherine C. Bonsell and Anita A. Koshy Kavita Radhakrishnan and Michele Tana 9 Rabies 6 4 25 Peritonitis 1 62 Fredrick M. Abrahamian and Jada L. Roe Tu Carol Nguyen and Mercedes Torres 10 Tetanus 69 26 Acute Infectious Diarrhea 1 69 Fredrick M. Abrahamian and Jada L. Roe Kimberly A. Schertzer and Gus M. Garmel 11 West Nile Encephalitis Virus 7 4 27 Diarrhea in HIV- Infected Patients 181 Michael S. Diamond Michael J. A. Reid and Phyllis C. Tien 12 Bacterial Skin and Soft- Tissue Infections 79 28 Clostridium Diffi cile Infection 188 Bradley W. Frazee Charles Hartis and Nicole Abolins 13 Ectoparasites 87 29 Male Genitourinary Infections 192 Jan Shoenberger, William Mallon, and R. James Salway Jonathan Schimmel and William D. Binder 14 Fever and Rash in Adults 9 8 30 Non-U lcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1 99 Catherine Marco, Janel Kittredge- Sterling, and Jaime Jordan Rachel L. Chin 31 Ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2 08 15 Otitis Externa 1 14 Jaime Jordan and Joseph Engelman Jeff rey Bullard- Berent 32 Vulvovaginitis 2 20 16 Otitis Media 1 17 Jaime Jordan Jeff rey Bullard- Berent v vi Contents 33 Adult Septic Arthritis 2 25 54 Pediatric Respiratory Infections 354 Robert Goodnough and Christopher Fee Ghazala Sharieff 34 Diabetic Foot Infections 228 55 Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections 366 Tamara John and Melinda Sharkey Jeff rey Bullard- Berent and Steven Bin 35 Hand Infections: Fight Bite, Purulent 56 Bites (Dogs, Cats, Rodents, Lagomorphs) 369 Tenosynovitis, Felon, and Paronychia 2 33 Hugh West and Sukhjit S. Takhar Michael Kohn 57 Blood or Body Fluid Exposure Management 36 Open Fractures 239 and Post- Exposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis B Robert Goodnough and Melinda Sharkey and HIV 375 Roland C. Merchant 37 Osteomyelitis 2 42 Melinda Sharkey 58 Fever in Pregnancy 3 85 Dominika Seidman and Deborah Cohan 38 Plantar Puncture Wounds 2 46 Bradley W. Frazee 59 Postpartum and Post- Abortion Infections 406 Lisa Rahangdale and Amy G. Bryant 39 Prosthetic Joint Infections 250 Elisabeth Giblin and Scott C. Sherman 60 Fever in the Returning Traveler 4 12 Bradley W. Frazee and Eric Snoey 40 Spine Infections 253 Scott C. Sherman and Elena Strunk 61 Infectious Complications of Injection Drug Use 430 41 Conjunctival and Corneal Infections 258 Bradley W. Frazee and Daniel Schnorr Michelle Y. Peng and Saras Ramanathan 62 Infections in Oncology Patients 442 42 Periocular Infections 265 Allison Nazinitsky and Erik R. Dubberke Kareem Moussa and Saras Ramanathan 63 Post- Operative Infections 453 43 Infections of the Uvea, Vitreous, and Retina 274 Robert Brown and Siamak Moayedi Greg Bever and Saras Ramanathan 64 The Febrile Post- Transplant Patient 4 58 44 Community- Acquired Pneumonia 280 Justin Bosley and Aparajita Sohoni Bradley W. Frazee, Christopher Fee, and Rachel L. Chin 65 Sepsis 467 45 HIV- Associated Respiratory Infections 288 David Th ompson Rachel Greenblatt and Laurence Huang 66 Infections in Sickle Cell Disease 473 46 Infl uenza 2 99 Suzanne Lippert Asim A. Jani and Timothy M. Uyeki 67 Anthrax 480 47 Tuberculosis 308 David M. Stier, Mary P. Mercer, and Rachel L. Chin Robert Blount, Payam Nahid, and Adithya Cattamanchi 68 Plague 490 48 Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Adults 319 David M. Stier and Mary P. Mercer Fredrick M. Abrahamian 69 Smallpox 4 98 49 Pyelonephritis in Adults 3 24 David M. Stier, Mary P. Mercer, and Rachel L. Chin Fredrick M. Abrahamian 70 Tularemia 506 50 Fever in the Newborn 328 David M. Stier and Mary P. Mercer Maureen McCollough 71 Hantavirus 5 14 51 The Febrile Child 3 34 Shruti Kant and Rachel L. Chin Paul Ishimine 72 Ebola Virus Disease 521 52 Fever and Rash in the Pediatric Population 3 39 Edwin Dietrich, Bradley W. Frazee, and Catherine Marco, Janel Kittredge- Sterling, and Timothy M. Uyeki Rachel L. Chin 73 Zika Virus 526 53 Pediatric Orthopedic Infections 3 48 Ashley Rider and Bradley W. Frazee Cordelia W. Carter and Melinda S. Sharkey vi vii Contents 74 Zoonotic Infl uenza (Novel Infl uenza A, including 77 Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase 5 52 Avian and Swine Infl uenza A Virus Infections) 5 31 Colgan Sloan and Christopher J. Edwards Timothy M. Uyeki 78 Antimicrobial Overview 5 56 75 Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Conan MacDougall and Camille Beauduy (MRSA) 541 Tracy Trang and Bradley W. Frazee 76 Enterococci 5 48 Jill Logan and Megan Musselman Index 581 vii viii ix Preface Th e diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease represents a likely to be the fi rst to encounter victims of biological weap- large and very important part of emergency medicine practice. ons. In this edition, we include chapters on recent emerging Challenges faced by acute care practitioners on a daily basis infections such as Ebola and Zika, as well as rare but deadly range from the defi nitive treatment and discharge of a patient infectious agents that can be weaponized, such as anthrax with a simple abscess, to recognition of a rare infection in a and smallpox. traveler, to resuscitation and stabilization of a patient with We hope that our textbook can be of use to every type of septic shock. practitioner that cares for patients with infectious diseases, In this second edition of E mergency Management of including emergency physicians, primary care physicians and Infectious Diseases , we have endeavored to produce a prac- specialists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, residents, tical, clinically oriented, systems- based overview of the most and medical students. important infectious diseases encountered in emergency prac- We thank the many nationally and internationally tice. Our textbook covers the gamut of common viral, bacterial, respected clinicians, educators, and researchers who con- fungal, and parasitic infections. For each disease, we briefl y dis- tributed, and hope that this second edition of Emergency cuss microbiology, pathophysiology, and epidemiology, but the Management of Infectious Diseases will prove an invaluable emphasis is on emergent diagnosis and treatment. Th e narra- reference for practitioners confronting the spectrum of infec- tive is supplemented with photographs and tables highlighting tious disease. key diagnostic fi ndings and current antimicrobial recommen- dations, including dosing. Bradley W. Frazee, MD Acute care practitioners also act as sentinels for out- Rachel L. Chin, MD breaks of communicable and emerging infections, and are Zlatan Coralic ix x
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