Embodying Intelligence in Structures and Integrated Systems

253 Pages·2013·26.629 MB·English

by  Edited by Pietro Vincenzini Fabio Casciati Piervincenzo Rizzo

Embodying Intelligence in Structures
and Integrated Systems
Edited by
Pietro Vincenzini
Fabio Casciati
Piervincenzo Rizzo
Embodying Intelligence in
Structures and Integrated
Systems
Selected, peer reviewed papers from the
Symposium G "Embodying Intelligence
in Structures and Integrated Systems" of
CIMTEC 2012 - 4th International Conference
"Smart Materials, Structures and Systems",
held in Montecatini Terme, Italy, June 10-14, 2012
Edited by
Pietro Vincenzini
World Academy of Ceramics, Italy

Fabio Casciati
University of Pavia, Italy

Piervincenzo Rizzo
University of Pittsburgh, USA

on behalf of TECHNA GROUP
Faenza • Italy
Copyright  2013 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland
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PREFACE

The 4th International Conference on “Smart Materials, Structures and Systems” was held in
Montecatini Terme, Italy on June 10-14, 2012 following the previous Symposia on the same topic
which were held in Florence in 1994 and 1998 and in Acireale (Sicily) in 2008.

Taking into account the increasing relevance of the field, it was decided to organise again this 4th
edition in the form of a separate “Junior” CIMTEC conference structured in several Symposia and
Focused Sessions.

Indeed, the intensive research carried out world wide for creating higher forms of materials,
structures and systems by providing them with “life” functions, resulted already in a high level of
technology readiness with several applications now emerging, which demonstrate smart materials
technologies to have matured well beyond the conceptual stage. Widespread use of
nanotechnology concepts and tools and the availability of multiscale computational models
coupled with the exponential growth of computer capability are fuelling the rate of advancement of
the field. This also is increasingly taking advantage from the merging of materials science and
engineering from information deriving from a deeper understanding of biological processes and
from the highly effective evolutionary solutions created by nature along million years.

About 800 papers have been presented at the ten Symposia and several Focused and Special
Sessions included in the conference by authors from over 50 countries with substantial
participation from overseas countries. Particularly numerous were the delegates from the
Americas and Australasia.

The 10 volumes of the Conference Proceedings collect a selection of the papers presented.

Volume 1 - Adaptive, Active and Multifunctional Smart Materials Systems (co-edited by Yoon-Bong
Hahn, Salvatore Iannotta, Andreas Lendlein, Vincenzo Palermo, Shashi Paul, Concita Sibilia, S.
Ravi P. Silva, Gopalan Srinivasan)
Volume 2 - State-of-the-Art Research and Application of SMAs Technologies (co-edited by
Stefano Besseghini, Shuichi Miyazaki, Eckhard Quandt and Minoru Taya)
Volume 3 - Electroactive Polymers: Advances in Materials and Devices (co-edited by Steen
Skaarup)
Volume 4 - Smart and Interactive Textiles (co-edited by Cosimo Carfagna)
Volume 5 - New Generation Micro/Nano Systems (co-edited by Leandro Lorenzelli)
Volume 6 - Smart & Adaptive Optics (co-edited by Maurizio Ferrari and Giancarlo Righini)
Volume 7 - Embodying Intelligence in Structures and Integrated Systems (co-edited by Fabio
Casciati and Piervincenzo Rizzo)
Volume 8 - Mining Smartness from Nature (co-edited by Luca Schenato, Nadrian C. Seeman and
Friedrich C. Simmel)
Volume 9 - Wearable/Wireless Body Sensor Networks for Healthcare Applications (co-edited by
Dermot Diamond)
Volume 10 - Biomedical Applications of Smart Technologies (co-edited by E. Pasquale Scilingo)
The Editor, General Chair of CIMTEC Conferences, would like to express his great appreciation to
all the institutions and professional organisations involved in the Conference, to the members of
the International Advisory Boards, to Symposia and Focused and Special Sessions Co-Chairs and
Coordinators, to Plenary and Invited Lecturers and to all other participants who contributed by
fostering progress in the field to the great outcome of the Conference.

PIETRO VINCENZINI
Conference Chair
Proceedings Editor
SYMPOSIUM G - Embodying Intelligence in Structures
and Integrated Systems

General Chair CIMTEC Conferences
Pietro VINCENZINI, Italy

Symposium Co-Chairs
Fabio CASCIATI, Italy; B.L. (Les) LEE, USA; Hui LI, P.R.China; André PREUMONT, Belgium

Programme Chair
Fabio CASCIATI, Italy

Special Session G-6 Programme Chair
Piervincenzo RIZZO, USA

Members
Lenser AGHALOVIAN, Armenia A. Emin AKTAN, USA Eduard ARZT, Germany Alexander
BELYAEV, Russia Ayech BENJEDDOU, France Christian BOLLER, Germany Fu-Kuo
CHANG, USA Gye-chun CHO, Korea Fabrizio DAVI’, Italy Guido DE ROECK, Belgium
Andrea DEL GROSSO, Italy Lucia FARAVELLI, Italy Gerard F. FERNANDO, UK Dan M.
FRANGOPOL, USA Michael I. FRISWELL, UK Claus-Peter FRITZEN, Germany Yozo
FUJINO, Japan Ulrich GABBERT, Germany Ephrahim GARCIA, USA Victor GIURGIUTIU,
USA Alfredo GÜEMES, Spain Anxin GUO, P.R.China Jan HOLNICKI-SZULC, Poland Daniel
J. INMAN, USA Hans IRSCHIK, Austria Camille ISSA, Lebanon Hyungjo JUNG, Korea
A.Bani-Hani KHALDOON, Qatar Jeong-tae KIM, Korea Anne S. KIREMIDJIAN, USA F.
LANZA DI SCALEA, USA Ying LEI, P.R.China Wei-Hsin LIAO, Hong Kong Shih Chi LIU, USA
Chin-Hsiung LOH, Taiwan Xilin LU, P.R.China C.S. MANOHAR, India Sami MASRI, USA
Annibale Luigi MATERAZZI, Italy Akira MITA, Japan Satish NAGARAJAIAH, USA Aly S.
NAZMY, UAE Yi Qing NI, Hong Kong Wieslaw OSTACHOWICZ, Poland Jinping OU,
P.R.China Costas PAPADIMITRIOU, Greece Seunghee PARK, Korea Piervincenzo RIZZO,
USA José RODELLAR BENEDE, Spain Yong-rae ROH, Korea Bijan SAMALI, Australia
Rahmat SHOURESHI, USA Hoon SOHN, Korea Billie F. SPENCER Jr., USA Wieslaw J.
STASZEWSKI, UK Afzal SULEMAN, Canada Costas A. SYRMAKEZIS, Greece Liqiong
TANG, New Zealand Moshe TUR, Israel Fabrizio VESTRONI, Italy Pennung WARNITCHAI,
Thailand Chung-Bang YUN, South Korea Zhi ZHOU, P.R.China
Table of Contents
Preface and Committees
Chapter 1: Smart Materials, Sensors, Actuators, MEMS
Report on the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake: Its Impact, and
Control/Monitoring Performances
A. Nishitani and C. Matsui 1
Development of some Smart Sensors for Monitoring Civil Infrastructures
X.C. Guan, H. Li, H.G. Xiao, G.F. Qiao and J.P. Ou 9
Fatigue of NiTi for Dampers and Actuators
A. Isalgue, V. Torra, F. Casciati and S. Casciati 18
On Characteristic Properties of a Layered Packet Base-Foundation on the Base of the
Analysis of the Solutions of the Corresponding Three-Dimensional Dynamic Problems of
Elasticity Theory
L.A. Aghalovyan and M.L. Aghalovyan 28
Chapter 2: Integration Technologies
Model Order Reduction Issues for Integrated Structural Control Design
F. Casciati and L. Faravelli 37
A Mathematical Framework for Structural Control Integration
J.M. Rossell, J. Rodellar, F. Palacios-Quiñonero and J. Rubió-Massegú 49
Insight and Applications in Energy Harvesting from Bullets to Birds
E. Garcia, M.W. Shafer, M. Bryant, A. Schlichting and B. Kogan 59
A Fractal-Inspired Multi-Frequency Piezoelectric Energy Converter: Design and
Experimental Characterization
D. Castagnetti 69
Chapter 3: Smart Structures and Integrated Systems
Seismic Protection of Structures Using Tuned Mass Dampers with Resettable Variable
Stiffness
C.C. Lin and T.T. Soong 75
Mechanics and Model Based Control
H. Irschik, M. Krommer and K. Schlacher 85
Vibration-Based Damage Detection under Changing Environmental and Operational
Conditions
C.P. Fritzen, P. Kraemer and I. Buethe 95
Monitoring, Evaluation and Control for Life-Cycle Performance of Intelligent Civil
Structures
H. Li, Y.Q. Bao, S.L. Li, W.L. Chen, S.J. Laima and J.P. Ou 105
High Precision Adaptive Space Structures
H. Baier 115
Deployable Structures
A.E. del Grosso and P. Basso 122
SHM System for Monitoring and Prediction of Cracks Development in Concrete Structures
G. Knor and J. Holnicki-Szulc 132
Smart Composite Device for Structural Health Monitoring
A. Coricciati, P. Corvaglia, A. Largo and M.A. Caponero 138
Real-Time Smart Abstract Shape Identifiers
M.H.M. Hassan 144
Safety Assessment of Bridge Structures Using Ambient Vibration
C.H. Lee, Y.J. You, K.T. Park, B.C. Joo, B.M. Lee and T.H. Kim 151
Chapter 4: Structural Health Monitoring and Control
b Embodying Intelligence in Structures and Integrated Systems
Digital Wireless Solutions for Structural Control
S. Casciati and Z.C. Chen 157
Structural Control Issues in New Generation Offshore Wind Energy Plants
N.S. Luo 167
Structural Health Monitoring of a Tall Building with Huge Floating Platform
Y.Q. Ni, Y.X. Xia and X.W. Ye 177
Development of a Visualized Data Management System for Life-Cycle Health Monitoring of
Civil Structures
K.C. Lin, Y.Q. Ni, X.W. Ye and K.Y. Wong 188
Ultrasonic Guided Wave Monitoring of Railroad Tracks
C. Nucera, R. Phillips and F. Lanza di Scalea 198
NDE/SHM of Underwater Structures: A Review
P. Rizzo 208
Magnetic Flux Leakage Sensing-Based Steel Cable NDE Technique Incorporated on a
Cable Climbing Robot for Bridge Structures
S.H. Park, J.W. Kim, M.J. Nam and J.J. Lee 217
Sensor Location Analysis in Nonlinear Acoustics Used for Damage Detection in Composite
Chiral Sandwich Panels
A. Klepka, W.J. Staszewski, D. di Maio, F. Scarpa, K.F. Tee and T. Uhl 223
A Comparative Assessment of Two SHM Damage Detection Methods in a Laboratory
Tower
E. Zugasti, A.G. Gonzalez, J. Anduaga, M.A. Arregui and F. Martínez 232
© (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.83.1
Report on the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake:
Its Impact, and Control/Monitoring Performances
Akira Nishitani1, a and Chisa Matsui
1Waseda University, Dept of Architecture, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
2Waseda University, Dept of Architecture, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
[email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake, Tsunami, Nuclear power plant,
High-rise building, Long-period seismic excitation, Control, Monitoring, Shinkansen.
Abstract. On 11 March 2011, a moment magnitude 9.0 earthquake and its subsequent tsunami struck
the Pacific coastal areas in the north-eastern part of Japan (Tohoku district). Iwate, Miyagi and
Fukushima prefectures in particular were severely damaged. Some cities, towns and villages in these
three have been entirely destroyed by the tsunami, and have not yet fully recovered from those
destructions. With the tsunami flood, one of the nuclear power plants in Fukushima Prefecture was
catastrophically damaged, resulting in the release of radioactive materials. In this paper, the impacts
of this quake are discussed in regard to tsunami, nuclear power plants, high-rise buildings, and
response-controlled buildings. In addition, as a successful example of control and monitoring, an
emergency stop operation for the Tohoku Shinkansen trains is presented.
Introduction
At the Japanese local time of 14:46 on 11 March 2011 a gigantic earthquake struck off the Pacific
coast of Miyagi Prefecture. It was the occurrence of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku
earthquake (the 3.11 Tohoku earthquake). Unlike many of other past quakes in Japan, several
numbers of hypocentral regions, situated off the Pacific coast the prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi,
Fukushima and Ibaraki, were consecutively triggered by the initial plate movement. The total size of
the multiple hypocentral regions was as large as about 200 km in the east-west direction and about
500 km in the north-south direction. As a result, the earthquake lasted more than three minutes. The
moment magnitude of the earthquake was estimated 9.0, which is the largest magnitude of seismicity
that has been ever recorded in Japan. Following the occurrence of this gigantic earthquake,
exceptionally large tsunami struck the Pacific coastal cities, towns and villages. Not only the quake
but also its accompanying tsunami destroyed those coastal areas. Four nuclear power plants were
located in such areas and all four were more or less flooded by the tsunami. One of the four nuclear
power plants, in particular, was severely or catastrophically damaged because of the loss of external
and backup electricity supply due to the tsunami flood. Along with the shock of the severe accident of
that nuclear power plant, strong impact of the 3.11 earthquake and tsunami spread, not only
physically but also psychologically, over the whole nation of Japan.
Impact of the Earthquake and Tsunami
Japan is largely made up of four islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu from the north
to south. Among these four islands, Honshu is the largest, in which there are the cities of Sendai,
Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, etc.
Facing the epicenter in the Pacific Ocean, three severely damaged prefectutres, Iwate, Miyagi and
Fukushima (shown in Fig. 1 from the north to south), are in the Tohoku district or the north-eastern
part of Honshu. The dark grey color part indicates the Tohoku in Fig. 1.