Elsevier's Dictionary of Geography: in English, Russian, French, Spanish and German

1073 Pages·2007·30.56 MB·English

by  Vladimir Kotlyakov

ELSEVIER'S
DICTIONARY OF
GEOGRAPHY
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ELSEVIER'S
DICTIONARY OF
GEOGRAPHY
in
English, Russian, French, Spanish and German
compiled by
V.M. KOTLYAKOV and A.I. KOMAROVA
Moscow, Russia
Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford
Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo
Elsevier
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First edition 2007

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ISBN-13: 978-0-444-51042-6
ISBN-10: 0-444-51042-7

Computer layout of the Dictionary is prepared by V. Kotlyakov and M. Kunakhovich

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07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
About authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
Used sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx
Acknowlegements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx
Figures sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii
How to use the Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiv
BASIC TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Russian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .823
French Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881
Spanish Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935
German Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .993
vi
ABOUTAUTHORS
VladimirKotlyakovis a famous scientist, spe- Anna Komarovais Doctor of Philology, bril-
cialist in geography and glaciology. He has liant teacher of foreign languages, specialist in
graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State linguistics, terminology and lexicography. She
University and now works as a Director of the graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of University in geography, then turned to lin-
Sciences; he is also the Honorary President of guistics and now works as the Professor of the
the Russian Geographical Socety. Faculty of Foreign Languages at Moscow
Vladimir Kotlyakov worked in the Northern State University, Head of the Department of
Island of Novaya Zemlya, spent more than a Foreign Languages for Geographers.
year in Antarctica, worked on glaciers in Anna Komarova teaches foreign languages
Pamirs, Caucasus and Tien Shan and partici- (English, Spanish and Portugese) and linguis-
pated in many other field works. He is the tics at Lomonosov Moscow State University.
author of more than 20 books in different She is the author of a number of textbooks on
fields of geography, his main contribution is English and Spanish (among them “English for
the World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources Geographers” published in 2005) as well as
published in 1997. Collecting material for scientific articles and books on linguistics and
this Atlas Vladimir Kotlyakov visited many philology. She is a member of International
countries and all continents. He is a member Geographical Union and National Association
of the Academy Europaea, French and of Applied Linguistics taking an active part in
Georgian Academies of Sciences; he is also a the conferences and congresses worldwide.
foreign member of the American, Mexican, She is professionally interested in the issues of
Italian, Georgian and Estonian Geographical Geographical Education – the role of foreign
Societies. languages for the education of Russian
Vladimir Kotlyakov is the author of Elsevier Geographers and specialists in Tourism, and in
which published in 1990 his Dictionary of the problems of functional stylistics, lexicolo-
Glaciology. gy, lexicography and terminography.
vii
TERMINOLOGYOFGEOGRAPHY
Geography as a multidisciplinary science
Geography is a system of highly developed sciences about the environment.
Geographical science embracing the study of the Earth’s physical phenomena, people
and their economic activities has always been in need of an extensive terminology.
Geographical terms are related to the terms of natural sciences (physics, chemistry, biol-
ogy, geology, etc.) and humanities (history, economics, sociology, etc.) since geography
is based on these fundamental subjects.
Like mathematics, history or philosophy, geography is one of the oldest sciences in
the world. It originated in ancient times and over many centuries the main purpose of
geography was to discover and describe “new” lands and oceans. The tendency to record
individual phenomena led to the formation of chorology and regional geography. At the
same time scientists strove to find and explain the differences and the similarities
between the geographical phenomena and started to organize and classify geographical
facts creating general or systematic geography.
At the later stages of the evolution of geography such sciences as geology, biology,
etc. separated from it and became independent. Gradually the sphere of scientific inter-
ests of geography had been narrowing down, in the middle ages it became dominated by
the clerical ideology which resulted in the statical and schematic character of geography
of those times. The Great Discoveries have expanded the horizons of scientific thought
and confirmed the idea of the integrity of the world. In the 18thand early 19thcenturies
a considerable progress in the understanding of the Earth’s physical phenomena was
achieved.
In the second half of the 19th century the ideas of geographical determinism became
very popular. The concept of geographical determinism stated that the physical factors of
the environment dominated and even determined the pattern of human life and human
behaviour, that the development of certain peoples and countries was largely conditioned
by the environmental factors. However in the 20th century because of the increase of
human impact on the environment these ideas lost their popularity and today remain only
in the concept of environmentalism. On the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries there
appeared a concept of geographical possibilism, which stated the existence of a passive
uniform environment and various forms of the interaction between humans and nature.
In the course of the world development the most general features of the geographi-
cal thought were determined by the greatest achievements of natural sciences and the
invention of new technologies, cyclic evolution of human society, political events of
global scale, the logic of the development of science and its branches, the change of par-
adigms in the course of scientific revolutions. The character of the development of geo-
graphical science was determined mainly by the traditions of national scientific schools
like French school of human geography with its steady social trend; German school hav-
ing the traditions of a deep theoretical analysis, regional planning and geopolitics;
viii
The tree of geography
ix
Anglo-American and Swedish schools of theoretical geography which widely used the
quantitative methods of research.
The whole complex of geographical disciplines closely related to a certain space of
land or water, have been divided into two main parts: general geography and regional
geography. These both parts of geography reveal the integrity of geography, since they
deal with the relations and interaction of a number of physical and social components of
the environment. Studying social and physical spheres, geography does not oppose them,
but rather take them in combination and interrelation. Its two main branches – physical
geography and human geography – coexist enjoying equal rights, interlace and interact
within the limits of one integrated science – Geography.
All the processes occurring in the environment have common energy basis which is
the light and thermal energy of the Sun, the internal heat of the Earth, gravitational and
tectonic forces. The components of the environment and their spatial combinations
determine the global zonal and regional regularities, but each territory is unique and
requires individual investigation.
Geography includes a number of disciplines and subdivisions which appeared along
with the development of the science. In spite of being very different geographical disci-
plines have some common tools of investigation which is maps, comparative method of
exploration, remote sensing, geoinformation systems.
In the study of the Earth’s physical environment geography has very close connec-
tions with physics, chemistry, biology, geology, in the study of human geography it is
related with regional economics, demography, sociology. Geography has actively used
the methods of other fundamental sciences, such as historical, physical, mathematical,
geochemical and other methods. However, it has its own subject and methods and con-
sequently its own integrated system of scientific terms well-distinguished among the ter-
minologies of other fundamental and applied sciences.
Today along with the progress of scientific knowledge and techniques the word-
stock of geography grows exponentially, terminology of different subfields constantly
develop and many new scientific terms appear, various kinds of complex databases are
being created in many areas, as well as highly sophisticated geoinformational systems.
They need a very well organized scientific terminology both in national languages and
at the international level.
Geographical and linguistic principles of compiling the Dictionary
Today very well developed terminologies of all the specialist fields of geography and
related subjects exist in the main world languages. However, they are not always well-
correlated. Nowadays geographical terminology requires unification and international
correlation more than ever before. Hence the idea of compiling a multilingual polydis-
ciplinary dictionary.
The Dictionary consists of the basic table of terms arranged according to the order of the
English alphabet with each term numbered. Each entry consists of the term in English and its