Elites and Society

151 Pages·1993·1.477 MB·English

by  Tom Bottomore

!"#$%&’()*’&+,#%$-
!"#$%&’#’()’$*"$&*++,#-./&’.0#*"0#."+*-1.0#’.23"0#.0&$&3"#34#*#2+*’’&2#$.5$#(’.0
$%-3(1%3($#$%.#63-+0#&"#"(7.-3(’#$-*"’+*$&3"’8#937#:3$$373-.#-.23"’&0.-’#;+&$.
$%.3-&.’#*"0#&0.3+31&.’#&"#$%.#+&1%$#34#73-.#-.2."$#’$(0&.’<#=.#.5*7&".’#$%.#-3+.
*"0#’&1"&4&2*"2.#34#;+&$.’#&"#-.+*$&3"#$3#2+*’’.’#*"0#2+*’’#’$-(2$(-.#&"#)3$%#*0/*"2.0
&"0(’$-&*+#*"0#0./.+3>&"1#23("$-&.’8#*"0#.5>3("0’#$%.#2-&$&2&’7’#34#;+&$.’#*"0
;+&$&’7#$%*$#%*/.#).."#43-7(+*$.0#),#0.732-*$&2#*"0#’32&*+&’$#$%&"?.-’#*"0
73/.7."$’<#!"#*#".6#23"2+(0&"1#2%*>$.-8#@-34.’’3-#:3$$373-.#23"’&0.-’#$%.
>-3’>.2$8#*’#%(7*"&$,#*>>-3*2%.’#$%.#7&++.""&(78#43-#*#-.".6.0#*0/*"2.#$36*-0’
73-.#.1*+&$*-&*"#43-7’#34#’32&.$,8#&"#6%&2%#*++#2&$&A."’#63(+0#).#*)+.#$3#>*-$&2&>*$.
73-.#4(++,#*"0#.44.2$&/.+,#&"#$%.#’%*>&"1#34#$%.&-#’32&*+#63-+0<

!"#$%&’()*’&+,#%$-
.%,+)*’%*#$#+)
/+0’1+$$+0+2%
3+)*+)’()*’4%5’6+27
B&-’$#>()+&’%.0#CDEF#),#G<H<#I*$$’
J.23"0#.0&$&3"#>()+&’%.0#CDDK
),#L3($+.01.
CC#M.6#B.$$.-#N*".8#N3"03"#OGF@#FOO
J&7(+$*".3(’+,#>()+&’%.0#&"#$%.#PJH#*"0#G*"*0*
),#L3($+.01.
QD#I.’$#KR$%#J$-..$8#M.6#S3-?8#MS#CTTTC
9%&’#.0&$&3"#>()+&’%.0#&"#$%.#9*,+3-#U#B-*"2&’#.VN&)-*-,8#QTTC<
W#CDEF8#CDDK#937#:3$$373-.
H++#-&1%$’#-.’.-/.0<#M3#>*-$#34#$%&’#)33?#7*,#).#-.>-&"$.0#3-#-.>-30(2.0#3-#($&+&A.0
&"#*",#43-7#3-#),#*",#.+.2$-3"&28#7.2%*"&2*+8#3-#3$%.-#7.*"’8#"36#?"36"#3-
%.-.*4$.-#&"/."$.08#&"2+(0&"1#>%3$323>,&"1#*"0#-.23-0&"18#3-#&"#*",#&"43-7*$&3"
’$3-*1.#3-#-.$-&./*+#’,’$.78#6&$%3($#>.-7&’’&3"#&"#6-&$&"1#4-37#$%.#>()+&’%.-’<
!"#$#%&’(#)"*"+’,*$*-./0#1/’#1’20)-#3*$#.1’4*$*
H#2*$*+31(.#-.23-0#43-#$%&’#)33?#&’#*/*&+*)+.#4-37#$%.#:-&$&’%#N&)-*-,<
(#)"*"+’.5’,.1/"6%%’,*$*-./#1/’#1’20)-#3*$#.1’4*$*
:3$$373-.8#9<:<#X#Q"0#.0<
Y+&$.’#*"0#’32&.$,Z#J.23"0#.0&$&3"#[#937#:3$$373-.
><###27<
!"2+(0.’#)&)+&31-*>%&2*+#-.4.-."2.’#*"0#&"0.5<
C<##O+&$.#\J32&*+#’2&."2.’]###Q<##N.*0.-’%&><###K<##G+*’’#0&’$&"2$&3"<
!<###9&$+.<
=^CFC<:_QF###CDDK DQXK_C_C
KTR<R‘Q#X#02QT########### G!@
!J:M#TXFCRXT_QaCXF#\>)?]
!J:M#TVQTKVCKCaKV_#^*’$.-#.V)33?#!J:M
!J:M#TVQTKVCaa_DVF#\b+*’’)33?#B3-7*$]
8+)$%)$&
! "#$%&’()$*%+,-+$.)%/-0%(0$,’,12 #C
3 45,6%)#$%57’(-1%+’/88%),%)#$%.,9$5%&’()$ #CR
: ;,’()(+8%/-0%)#$%+(5+7’/)(,-%,<%&’()$8 #KR
= >-)$’’$+)7/’8?%6/-/1$58%/-0%@75$/7+5/)8 #RQ
A "5/0()(,-%/-0%6,0$5-()2*%&’()$8%(-%)#$%0$B$’,.(-1
+,7-)5($8 #aQ
C D$6,+5/+2%/-0%)#$%.’75/’()2%,<%&’()$8 #_a
E FG7/’()2%,5%&’()$8H #CTC
I >-),%)#$%6(’’$--(76 #CCD
:&)+&31-*>%, #CKQ
M*7.#&"0.5 #CK_
J()c.2$#&"0.5 #CFT

89(:$%2’;
/9%’<"#$%
8+),%:$’()*’#*%+"+=-
9%.#63-0#78-#$69’6*’#(’.0#&"#$%.#’./."$.."$%#2."$(-,#$3#0.’2-&).#237730&$&.’#34
>*-$&2(+*-#.52.++."2.d#*"0#$%.#(’*1.#6*’#+*$.-#.5$."0.0#$3#-.4.-#$3#’(>.-&3-#’32&*+
1-3(>’8#’(2%#*’#>-.’$&1&3(’#7&+&$*-,#("&$’#3-#$%.#%&1%.-#-*"?’#34#$%.#"3)&+&$,<C#!"
$%.#O"1+&’%#+*"1(*1.#$%.#.*-+&.’$#?"36"#(’.#34#e;+&$.f8#*223-0&"1#$3#$%.#:;5."<
=1/-#%&’4#3$#.1*"+8#&’#&"#C_QK8#*$#6%&2%#$&7.#&$#6*’#*+-.*0,#*>>+&.0#$3#’32&*+
1-3(>’<#:($#$%.#$.-7#0&0#"3$#).237.#6&0.+,#(’.0#&"#’32&*+#*"0#>3+&$&2*+#6-&$&"1
("$&+#+*$.#&"#$%.#"&".$.."$%#2."$(-,#&"#O(-3>.8#3-#("$&+#$%.#CDKT’#&"#:-&$*&"#*"0
H7.-&2*8#6%."#&$#6*’#0&44(’.0#$%-3(1%#$%.#’32&3+31&2*+#$%.3-&.’#34#;+&$.’8#"3$*)+,
&"#$%.#6-&$&"1’#34#g&+4-.03#@*-.$3<
!"#%&’#>"6*$#%6’.1’?616"*-’@.3#.-./+’\CDCRXCD]#@*-.$3#0.4&".0#e;+&$.f#&"#$63
0&44.-."$#6*,’<#=.#).1*"#6&$%#*#/.-,#1.".-*+#0.4&"&$&3"Z
N.$#(’#*’’(7.#$%*$#&"#./.-,#)-*"2%#34#%(7*"#*2$&/&$,#.*2%#&"0&/&0(*+#&’#1&/."
*"#&"0.5#6%&2%#’$*"0’#*’#*#’&1"#34#%&’#2*>*2&$,8#/.-,#7(2%#$%.#6*,#1-*0.’#*-.
1&/."#&"#$%.#/*-&3(’#’()c.2$’#&"#.5*7&"*$&3"’#&"#’2%33+<#9%.#%&1%.’$#$,>.#34
+*6,.-8#43-#&"’$*"2.8#6&++#).#1&/."#CT<#9%.#7*"#6%3#03.’#"3$#1.$#*#2+&."$#6&++
).#1&/."#C#X#-.’.-/&"1#A.-3#43-#$%.#7*"#6%3#&’#*"#3($V*"0V3($#&0&3$<#93#$%.#7*"
6%3#%*’#7*0.#%&’#7&++&3"’#X#%3".’$+,#3-#0&’%3".’$+,#*’#$%.#2*’.#7*,#).#X#6.
6&++#1&/.#CT<#93#$%.#7*"#6%3#%*’#.*-".0#%&’#$%3(’*"0’#6.#6&++#1&/.#Ed#$3#’(2%
*’#c(’$#7*"*1.#$3#?..>#3($#34#$%.#>33-V%3(’.#C8#?..>&"1#A.-3#43-#$%3’.#6%3#1.$
&"#<#<#<#H"0#’3#3"#43-#*++#$%.#)-*"2%.’#34#%(7*"#*2$&/&$,#<#<#<#J3#+.$#(’#7*?.#*#2+*’’
34#$%.#>.3>+.#6%3#%*/.#$%.#%&1%.’$#&"0&2.’#&"#$%.&-#)-*"2%#34#*2$&/&$,8#*"0#$3
$%*$#2+*’’#1&/.#$%.#"*7.#34#;+&$.<
\>><#CFQQXK]
>’’!"#$%&’()*’&+,#%$-
@*-.$3#%&7’.+4#03.’#"3$#7*?.#*",#4(-$%.-#(’.#34#$%&’#23"2.>$#34#;+&$.d#&$#’.-/.’
7.-.+,#$3#.7>%*’&A.#$%.#&".h(*+&$,#34#&"0&/&0(*+#."0367."$#&"#./.-,#’>%.-.#34
’32&*+#+&4.8#*"0#*’#$%.#’$*-$&"1#>3&"$#43-#*#0.4&"&$&3"#34#$%.#e13/.-"&"1#;+&$.f8#6%&2%
&’#%&’#-.*+#’()c.2$#7*$$.-<
B3-#$%.#>*-$&2(+*-#&"/.’$&1*$&3"#6&$%#6%&2%#6.#*-.#."1*1.08#*#’$(0,#34#$%.
’32&*+#.h(&+&)-&(78#&$#6&++#%.+>#&4#6.#4(-$%.-#0&/&0.#$%*$#2+*’’#i$%.#;+&$.j#&"$3#$63
2+*’’.’Z#*#/.A6"1#1/’8-#$68#237>-&’&"1#&"0&/&0(*+’#6%3#0&-.2$+,#3-#&"0&-.2$+,
>+*,#’37.#23"’&0.-*)+.#>*-$#&"#13/.-"7."$8#*"0#*’1.1B/.A6"1#1/’8-#$68
237>-&’&"1#$%.#-.’$#<#<#<#J3#6.#1.$#$63#’$-*$*#&"#*#>3>(+*$&3"Z#\C]#H#+36.-
’$-*$(78#$%.#1.1B8-#$68#6&$%#6%3’.#>3’’&)+.#&"4+(."2.#3"#13/.-"7."$#6.#*-.
"3$#c(’$#%.-.#23"2.-".0d#$%."#\Q]#*#%&1%.-#’$-*$(78#$%.#8-#$68#6%&2%#&’#0&/&0.0
&"$3#$63Z#\*]#*#13/.-"&"1#8-#$6d#\)]#*#"3"V13/.-"&"1#8-#$6<
\>><#CFQKXF]
!$#&’#"3$#0&44&2(+$#$3#0&’23/.-8#4-37#@*-.$3f’#.*-+&.-#6-&$&"1’8#%36#%.#*--&/.0#*$
$%&’#23"2.>$&3"<#!"#%&’#,.0"%’<983.1.C#6’D.-#$#E06#\C_DEXa]#%.#%*0#>-3>3("0.0
$%.#&0.*#34#*#"3-7*+#2(-/.#34#$%.#0&’$-&)($&3"#34#6.*+$%#&"#*#’32&.$,<#!"#(6%
%+%$FC6%’%.3#*-#%$6%’\CDTQ]#%.#6."$#3"#$3#*-1(.8#4&-’$8#$%*$#&4#&"0&/&0(*+’#6.-.
*--*"1.0#*223-0&"1#$3#3$%.-#2-&$.-&*8#’(2%#*’#$%.&-#+./.+#34#&"$.++&1."2.8#*>$&$(0.#43-
7*$%.7*$&2’8#7(’&2*+#$*+."$8#73-*+#2%*-*2$.-8#.$2<8#$%.-.#63(+0#>-3)*)+,#-.’(+$
0&’$-&)($&3"#2(-/.’#’&7&+*-#$3#$%*$#43-#6.*+$%d#*"0#’.23"0+,8#$%*$#&4#&"0&/&0(*+’
6.-.#*--*"1.0#*223-0&"1#$3#$%.&-#0.1-..#34#>3+&$&2*+#*"0#’32&*+#>36.-#3-#&"4+(."2.8
&$#63(+0#).#43("0#&"#73’$#’32&.$&.’#$%*$#$%.#’*7.#&"0&/&0(*+’#322(>&.0#$%.#’*7.
>+*2.#&"#$%&’#%&.-*-2%,#*’#&"#$%.#%&.-*-2%,#34#6.*+$%<#e9%.#’3V2*++.0#(>>.-#2+*’’.’
*-.#*+’3#(’(*++,#$%.#-&2%.’$<#9%.’.#2+*’’.’#-.>-.’."$#*"#;+&$.8#*"#k*-&’$32-*2,lf
\/3+<#!8#><#Q_]<
M./.-$%.+.’’8#$%.-.#&’#*"#&7>3-$*"$#0&44.-."2.#&"#$%.#43-7(+*$&3"#34#$%.#h(.’$&3"
&"#%&’#>"6*$#%68#43-#@*-.$3#%.-.#23"2.-"’#%&7’.+4#"3$#6&$%#*#2(-/.#34#0&’$-&)($&3"#34
2.-$*&"#*$$-&)($.’#\&"2+(0&"1#>36.-#*"0#&"4+(."2.]8#)($#6&$%#*#’&7>+.#3>>3’&$&3"
).$6.."#$%3’.#6%3#%*/.#>36.-8#$%.#e13/.-"&"1#;+&$.f8#*"0#$%3’.#6%3#%*/.#"3".8
$%.#7*’’.’<#9%&’#2%*"1.#&"#@*-.$3f’#23"2.>$&3"#7*,#6.++#%*/.#36.0#’37.$%&"1#$3
$%.#63-?#34#b*.$*"3#^3’2*8#6%3#6*’#$%.#4&-’$#$3#7*?.#*#’,’$.7*$&2#0&’$&"2$&3"
).$6.."#e;+&$.f#*"0#7*’’.’#X#$%3(1%#(’&"1#3$%.-#$.-7’#X#*"0#$3#*$$.7>$#$%.
/9%’<"#$%?’,+),%:$’()*’#*%+"+=-’’@
23"’$-(2$&3"#34#*#".6#’2&."2.#34#>3+&$&2’#3"#$%&’#43("0*$&3"<#^3’2*#.5>-.’’.0#%&’
4("0*7."$*+#&0.*#&"#$%.’.#63-0’Z
H73"1#$%.#23"’$*"$#4*2$’#*"0#$."0."2&.’#$%*$#*-.#$3#).#43("0#&"#*++#>3+&$&2*+
3-1*"&’7’8#3".#&’#’3#3)/&3(’#$%*$#&$#&’#*>>*-."$#$3#$%.#73’$#2*’(*+#.,.<#!"#*++
’32&.$&.’#X#4-37#’32&.$&.’#$%*$#*-.#/.-,#7.*1-.+,#0./.+3>.0#*"0#%*/.#)*-.+,
*$$*&".0#$%.#0*6"&"1’#34#2&/&+&A*$&3"8#036"#$3#$%.#73’$#*0/*"2.0#*"0#>36.-4(+
’32&.$&.’#X#$63#2+*’’.’#34#>.3>+.#*>>.*-#X#*#2+*’’#$%*$#-(+.’#*"0#*#2+*’’#$%*$#&’
-(+.0<#9%.#4&-’$#2+*’’8#*+6*,’#$%.#+.’’#"(7.-3(’8#>.-43-7’#*++#>3+&$&2*+#4("2$&3"’8
73"3>3+&A.’#>36.-#*"0#."c3,’#$%.#*0/*"$*1.’#$%*$#>36.-#)-&"1’8#6%.-.*’#$%.
’.23"08#$%.#73-.#"(7.-3(’#2+*’’8#&’#0&-.2$.0#*"0#23"$-3++.0#),#$%.#4&-’$8#&"#*
7*"".-#$%*$#&’#"36#73-.#3-#+.’’#+.1*+8#"36#73-.#3-#+.’’#*-)&$-*-,#*"0#/&3+."$<Q
\CDKD8#><#RT]
^3’2*#.5>+*&"’#$%.#-(+.#34#$%.#7&"3-&$,#3/.-#$%.#7*c3-&$,#),#$%.#4*2$#$%*$#$%.
43-7.-#&’#3-1*"&A.0#X
$%.#037&"&3"#34#*"#3-1*"&A.0#7&"3-&$,8#3).,&"1#*#’&"1+.#&7>(+’.8#3/.-#$%.
("3-1*"&A.0#7*c3-&$,#&’#&"./&$*)+.<#9%.#>36.-#34#*",#7&"3-&$,#&’#&--.’&’$&)+.#*’
*1*&"’$#.*2%#’&"1+.#&"0&/&0(*+#&"#$%.#7*c3-&$,8#6%3#’$*"0’#*+3".#).43-.#$%.
$3$*+&$,#34#$%.#3-1*"&A.0#7&"3-&$,<#H$#$%.#’*7.#$&7.8#$%.#7&"3-&$,#&’#3-1*"&A.0
43-#$%.#/.-,#-.*’3"#$%*$#&$#&’#*#7&"3-&$,<
J%*"0#*+’3#),#$%.#4*2$#$%*$#$%.#7&"3-&$,#&’#(’(*++,#237>3’.0#34#’(>.-&3-#&"0&/&-
dualsX
7.7).-’#34#*#-(+&"1#7&"3-&$,#-.1(+*-+,#%*/.#’37.#*$$-&)($.8#-.*+#3-#*>>*-."$8
6%&2%#&’#%&1%+,#.’$..7.0#*"0#/.-,#&"4+(."$&*+#&"#$%.#’32&.$,#&"#6%&2%#$%.,#+&/.<
\CDKD8#><#RK]
:3$%#^3’2*#*"0#@*-.$38#$%.-.43-.8#6.-.#23"2.-".0#6&$%#;+&$.’#&"#$%.#’."’.#34
1-3(>’#34#>.3>+.#6%3#.&$%.-#.5.-2&’.0#0&-.2$+,8#3-#6.-.#&"#*#>3’&$&3"#$3#&"4+(."2.
/.-,#’$-3"1+,#$%.#.5.-2&’.#348#>3+&$&2*+#>36.-<#H$#$%.#’*7.#$&7.8#$%.,#-.231"&A.0
$%*$#$%.#e13/.-"&"1#;+&$.f#3-#e>3+&$&2*+#2+*’’f#&’#&$’.+4#237>3’.0#34#0&’$&"2$#’32&*+
1-3(>’<#@*-.$3#\CDCRXCD8#>><#CFQDXKT]#3)’.-/.0#$%*$#$%.#e(>>.-#’$-*$(7#34