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'Eliterates': City College in the Popular Imagination Philip Kay Submitted in partial fulfillment of PDF

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‘Guttersnipes’ and ‘Eliterates’: City College in the Popular Imagination Philip Kay Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK 2011 © 2011 Philip Kay All rights reserved (This page intentionally left blank) ABSTRACT ‘Guttersnipes’ and ‘Eliterates’: City College in the Popular Imagination Philip Kay Young people go to college not merely to equip themselves for competition in the workplace, but also to construct new identities and find a home in the world. This dissertation shows how, in the midst of wrenching social change, communities, too, use colleges in their struggle to reinvent and re-situate themselves in relation to other groups. As a case study of this symbolic process I focus on the City College of New York, the world’s first tuition-free, publicly funded municipal college, erstwhile “Harvard of the Poor,” and birthplace of affirmative action programs and “Open Admissions” in higher education. I examine five key moments between 1940 and 2000 when the college dominated the headlines and draw on journalistic accounts, memoirs, guidebooks, fiction, poetry, drama, songs, and interviews with former students and faculty to chart the institution’s emergence as a cultural icon, a lightning rod, and the perennial focus of public controversy. In each instance a variety of actors from the Catholic Church to the New York Post mobilized popular perceptions in order to alternately shore up and erode support for City College and, in so doing, worked to reconfigure the larger New York public. The five episodes consist of the following: (1) In 1940 a state judge barred the philosopher Bertrand Russell from joining the faculty and a sweeping “investigation” followed that resulted in a purge of fifty allegedly Communist professors from the faculty. (2) Ten years later seven members of City College’s national championship basketball team, all of them Jewish or black, were convicted of consorting with professional gamblers to fix games. (3) Then in 1969, in the midst of a mayoral primary, black and Puerto Rican students seeking greater access for members of the surrounding Harlem community seized control of City’s South Campus and shut down the college for two tense weeks that were followed by a series of violent racial clashes. (4) Those events in turn ushered in the school’s radical and hotly contested experiment with “Open Admissions” along with a decade of relentless media attacks, nostalgia for an imaginatively constructed golden age, and series of dramatic cuts to the college’s budget and staff that occasioned the end of its century-old tradition of free tuition. (5) Finally, in 1991 one Afrocentric professor’s outrageous remarks about Jews coupled with an accident at a student- sponsored fundraiser in the college gym that claimed nine young lives came—through the offices of the mass media—to stand for the anarchy and physical danger that seemed to be engulfing not only the institution but the city itself. Taken together these five moments, with their attendant tabloid scandals, ritual sacrifices, and manufactured crises, foreground the cultural dimension of City College’s history and the construction—including the self-construction, even performance—of particular varieties of student and teacher, both past and present. Newspapers and their various publics were central to—indeed, constitutive of—the process by which different communities claimed disparate meanings for the institution and deployed those meanings toward their own, distinctive ends. The press provided the main stage upon which to enact bitter struggles and excommunication ceremonies and encouraged readers to use the college to reimagine themselves and their place in the changing city and nation. CONTENTS Contents...........................................................................................................................................i   Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................................v   ‘Guttersnipes’.................................................................................................................1   Individual ‘Journeyings’ & Public Imaginings.........................................................................7   Mass Education & the Problem of Prestige..............................................................................9   The College & the City: Geography & Architecture..............................................................13   David Levinsky’s Secular Temple..........................................................................................17   ‘Retrospective Brooding,’ Golden Ages, & the Limits of Memory.......................................20   A Cultural Approach to Higher Education.............................................................................24   Ways of Seeing: Raymond Williams & ‘the Masses’............................................................28   Schooling & Social Cohesion in the American Context.........................................................32   Unraveling Systems of Meaning.............................................................................................35   ‘Umbrella Robinson’ & His ‘Guttersnipes’ Gripe..................................................................36   Pink Parasols & the Force of Working Class Institutions......................................................41   ‘The Dramaturgical Nature of the Public Sphere’..................................................................45   Baruch Spinoza & the Rituals of Excommunication..............................................................48   Historiography & Methodological Concerns..........................................................................51   Chapter Outline.......................................................................................................................56   City College in the Popular Imagination................................................................................60   I. ‘Little Red Schoolhouse’..........................................................................................63   1. THE EXCOMMUNICATION OF BERTRAND RUSSELL...................................................69   The Press Baron & Archbishop Step In to Settle Old Scores.................................................72   The Question of Jobs: Tammany Hall Raises Its Ugly Head.................................................76   The Stage & The Cipher New York Had Been Waiting for...................................................79   Russell’s Muted Defenders: The Ceremonial Role of the Press.............................................81   2. HEARST & COUDERT BRING THE STIGMA HOME TO CITY COLLEGE....................87   ‘The Gay Little Campus’: The Post Rises to the College’s Defense......................................91   ‘We’re As Good Americans As Anyone’...............................................................................96   The ‘J’ Word: Excavating the Silences.................................................................................100   The Ambivalence of German-Jewish Newspaper Publishers...............................................104   The New Kid in Town: PM’s Subdued Cry for Justice........................................................109   In The Klinkus: Students & Faculty Speak Up for Themselves...........................................113   Conclusion & Aftermath.......................................................................................................117   II. Ejected From the Garden......................................................................................121   Grace, Teamwork, & the Question of Whose Flag to Spit on..............................................125   Sports, Assimilation, & Group Loyalty................................................................................128   Racial Discrimination & City’s Other ‘Dismal Appurtenances’.........................................132   1. ALLAGAROO! THE DOUBLE CHAMPIONSHIP & THE CRY OF THE CITY.............137   The Post Celebrates the Loyalty of New York’s ‘Whiz Kids’.............................................142   ‘Sucker Bait,’ the Corruption of Sports, & Early Warnings.................................................146   i 2. THE BASKETBALL SCANDAL BREAKS.........................................................................153   The Garden, the Borscht Belt, & the Geography of Blame..................................................155   The Ever Elusive ‘Collegiate Atmosphere’..........................................................................161   Why They Did It...................................................................................................................162   Vengeance, Absolution, & ‘the Quality of Mercy’..............................................................165   Wilfull Ignorance: Whitewashing the Coaches...................................................................167   The Catholics Get a Pass.......................................................................................................173   Anti-Semitism: The Dog That Didn’t Have to Bark.............................................................175   Conclusion & Aftermath.......................................................................................................179   III. ‘The University of Harlem’...................................................................................185   1. THE VIEW FROM DOWN BELOW...................................................................................191   Migration Narratives: Hughes, Baldwin, & the Fortress on the Hill....................................191   Paget Henry’s Two Rude Awakenings.................................................................................195   Crowd Control & Free Tuition in a Changing City..............................................................197   2. MAKING ROOM AT THE TOP: THE CREATION OF SEEK...........................................201   The Threat to College Traditions & Prestige........................................................................205   Site 6: The Lines Are Drawn................................................................................................207   Ocean-Hill Brownsville & the End of the Liberal Alliance.................................................209   Meritocracy Challenged........................................................................................................212   Marginalized, Seek Students Build Their Own Institutions.................................................213   The Encounter Between Teacher & Student.........................................................................217   The Alamac Hotel & the Dawning of a Consciousness........................................................220   The Student Right.................................................................................................................223   3. THE FIVE DEMANDS.........................................................................................................227   Facing Catastrophic Cuts, the President Falls on His Sword................................................231   ‘Universities Under the Gun’................................................................................................233   4. INSURRECTION..................................................................................................................237   A Community Seizes Control...............................................................................................237   Harlem University.................................................................................................................239   False Choices........................................................................................................................242   The Specter of Urban Riots...................................................................................................244   Political Forces Intrude.........................................................................................................245   5. VIOLENCE GRIPS THE CAMPUS & A PRESIDENT IS FORCED OUT.........................249   ‘Open the Gates!’: Pitched Battles........................................................................................250   Gallagher Resigns.................................................................................................................252   Conclusion: Harlem on Everybody’s Mind..........................................................................254   Enter the Faculty...................................................................................................................257   IV. ‘The Harvard of the Poor’....................................................................................261   1. OPEN ADMISSIONS.............................................................................................................265   The Shibboleth of ‘Ethnic Quotas’.......................................................................................265   The Birth of a Radical, Doomed Experiment.......................................................................267   The Wildcard: Catholic Institutions in Crisis.......................................................................269   ii The Daily News Gathers the Flock.......................................................................................271   2. BACKLASH...........................................................................................................................277   ‘Doublespeaking of Standards’.............................................................................................277   Invoking an Illustrious Past..................................................................................................282   ‘Taking Slum Youth off the Street’: The Press Gets Going.................................................287   The Post’s Reticence, Ethnic & Ideological Confusion.......................................................289   ‘The Irreconcilables’: Faculty Balk in the Face of Change..................................................294   3. ROLE-PLAYING...................................................................................................................299   ‘I Know You. My Mother Put Wax on Your Floors’..........................................................299   The Student Newspaper As a Vehicle for Self-Reinvention................................................301   P.J. Rondinone’s Journey From ‘Gutter Rat’ to the New York Times..................................303   Open Admissions Gets a Poster Boy....................................................................................307   Useful Fictions: Assailing the Establishment Critics............................................................309   ‘The Worst Thing We Did Was to Lie About It’..................................................................313   4. MINA SHAUGHNESSY: THE CLASSROOM V. THE SOAPBOX...................................315   ‘A Special Fraternity’...........................................................................................................317   Spokesperson & Truthteller..................................................................................................319   A Quiet Excommunication...................................................................................................320   V. ‘Eliterates’..............................................................................................................325   1. ‘HOW TO KILL A COLLEGE’.............................................................................................327   ‘Ford to City’: End Free Tuition...........................................................................................328   Theodore Gross: ‘False Prophet in His Own Land’..............................................................331   ‘A Passing Purpose…In Middle Age We No Longer Had a Profession’.............................336   Campus Pariah......................................................................................................................339   The New York Post & ‘CCNY’s Illiterate Thousands’.........................................................343   Marshak: ‘Stupid, Unteachable, Unworthy’ or ‘The National Norm’?................................347   ‘Surrounded by Myths,’ the Times Steps Into the Fray........................................................348   A Bleak Landscape, a ‘Resignation,’ & an Eroding Public Sphere......................................352   2. POSTMORTEMS...................................................................................................................357   ‘Academic Turmoil’: Memoirs of an Experiment Gone Wrong..........................................358   ‘Academic Renewal’ & the Problem of Public Perception..................................................362   ‘Constantly on the Defensive’..............................................................................................364   Subway Fantasies: Dramatizing Open Admissions’ Big Lie................................................367   VII. ‘The Gorgeous Mosaic’.......................................................................................373   The Professor, the Journalist, & the Politician.....................................................................375   1. A SORRY SPECTACLE: THE POST’S MAD PROFESSOR..............................................381   Apocalypse Now: The Assault on Black America...............................................................381   Leonard Jeffries & the Curriculum of Exclusion..................................................................384   The Albany Speech: ‘My City College Jews’ & Path to Martyrdom...................................387   Prof. Michael Levin & the Double Standard........................................................................390   The Legacy of Oppositional Discourse & Institutional Dysfunction...................................393   The Post Goes Ballistic.........................................................................................................396   iii Having Created an Uproar, the Post Proceeds to Cover It...................................................399   Killing the Messenger? The Campaign Against the Post....................................................403   The Conflagration in Crown Heights....................................................................................405   The Story That Would Not Die.............................................................................................407   City College Students Weigh In, Only to Opt Out...............................................................411   For Alumni, Still Another ‘Ugly Echo’................................................................................413   2. ‘WHO’S IN CHARGE AT CITY COLLEGE?’....................................................................417   Harleston’s Lonely Predicament...........................................................................................417   Levin v. Harleston: Bertrand Russell’s Revenge..................................................................419   The Ongoing Degradation of Collegiality & Campus Discourse.........................................423   The Gym Tragedy: The Urban Underclass Storms the Gates...............................................425   Managing & Avoiding Social Conflict.................................................................................428   ‘The Finger Points at City College’......................................................................................431   Jeffries’s Pyrrhic Victory & City’s Public Shame................................................................433   Freedom of Speech Trumps Community Standards & Student Rights................................434   ‘The Academy Meets the Talk Show’..................................................................................438   3. ‘CITY ON A HILL’................................................................................................................443   The Manhattan Institute & the Neoliberal Crescendo..........................................................444   Tina Brown’s New New Yorker............................................................................................448   James Traub Shatters ‘CUNY’s Conspiracy of Silence’......................................................450   Re-Reporting the Story.........................................................................................................453   Taking the Long View of Student Achievement..................................................................455   The ‘Trope of the Urban Illiterate’ & the Rhetoric of Remediation.....................................459   The Fiscal Emergency of 1995.............................................................................................461   Herman Badillo’s ‘Standards Revoloution’..........................................................................464   ‘CCNY’s Fall From Grace’ & the End of Remediation.......................................................468   Conclusion............................................................................................................................474   Afterword: ‘Dream Machine’.....................................................................................479   Academic ‘Superstars’ Take Center Stage...........................................................................480   ‘Access’ v. ‘Excellence’.......................................................................................................483   ‘Some Sorts of Dirt Serve to Clarify’...................................................................................485   ‘The Decade of Science’ & Climate of Scandal...................................................................487   References...................................................................................................................................491   iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The encounter of student and text is often portrayed by canonists as a transmission. Information, wisdom, virtue will pass from the book to the student if the student gives the book the time it merits … learning is stripped of confusion and discord. It is stripped, as well, of strong human connection…[My mentors] knew there was more to their work than their mastery of a tradition. What mattered most… were the relationships they established with me, the guidance they provided when I felt inadequate or threatened. —Mike Rose, 19891 The night Professor James W. Carey died in May 2006 after a long illness, I was writing him a letter to let him know that only that afternoon I had been offered a full time position teaching journalism at the City College of New York, the fulfillment of a longtime dream. The letter, never finished and long since misplaced (some things still need to be written by hand) said how profoundly his vision of communication, community, the American university tradition, and the education of the working class had touched me and how I hoped I would now be able to build upon that vision and carry it into the larger world. As much as anything else, this dissertation has been an effort to justify Carey’s faith in me and honor his legacy. Rather than a fulfillment of that effort, however, I have come to think of it as a continuation of that unfinished, dead letter, a formulation that, whatever he might have thought of the present work, I like to believe would have pleased him. Haydée Vitali, another mentor of mine who died a decade before Carey, was a Puerto Rican immigrant who broke into the teaching profession during the upheavals of the 1960s and introduced me, a lifelong New Yorker, to the WPA Guide as a work of literature, to the 1 Mike Rose. Lives on the Boundary: A Moving Account of the Struggle to Educate America’s Underprepared. New York: Penguin Books, 1990 (c. 1989), 225. v

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world's first tuition-free, publicly funded municipal college, erstwhile “Harvard Afrocentric professor's outrageous remarks about Jews coupled with an accident I did about clarity and elegant prose and for whom journalism was
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.