ELF-VLF Radio Wave Propagation: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Spåtind, Norway, April 17–27, 1974

408 Pages·1974·11.24 MB·English

by  Jan A. Holtet (auth.)

ELF-VLF Radio Wave Propagation
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims
at the dissemination of advanced knowledge and
the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction
with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston
D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company
Social Sciences Leiden
E Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing
Leiden
Series C - Mathematical and Physical Sciences
Volume 10 - ELF-VLF Radio Wave Propagation
ELF-VLF Radio Wave
Propagation
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute
held at Spatind, Norway, April 17-27, 1974
edited by
J. A. HOLTET
The Norwegian Institute of Cosmic Physics, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dordrecht-Holland / Boston-U.S.A.
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-83870
lSBN-I3: 978-94-010-2267-5 e-ISBN-I3: 978-94-010-2265-1
001: 10.1007/978-94-010-2265-1
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company
P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico
by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc.
306 Dartmouth Street, Boston, Mass. 02116, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1974 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
Softcoverreprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
CONTENTS
PREFACE IX
Opening of NATO Advanced Study Institute on
ELF-VLF Radio Wave Propagation
F. LIED XI
PART I: PROPERTIES OF THE LOWER IONOSPHERE
The Photochemistry of the Mesosphere
LS.A. ISAKSEN 3
Ionizing Radiation Affecting the Lower
Ionosphere
T.A. POTEMRA 21
Lower Ionosphere Ion Chemistry
C.F. SECHRIST, JR. 39
Coupling between the Neutral and the
Ionized Atmosphere
H. VOLLAND 53
PART II: VLF PROPAGATION THEORY 67
FORTRAN Program for Obtaining Wave fields
of Penetrating, Nonpenetrating, and Whistler
Modes of Radio Waves in the Ionosphere
G.H. SMITH and M.L.V. PITTEWAY 69
Intermode Coupling Processes in the Ionosphere
in the Frequency Range 0.1 Hz to 300 kHz
C. ALTMAN 87
The Coalescence of Coupling Points and "Cross
Over" for Ion Cyclotron Whistlers
M.S. SMITH 101
Theory of Energy Flux and Polarisation Changes
of a Radio Wave with two Magnetoionic Compo
nents Undergoing Self Demodulation in the Iono
sphere
N.M. MASLIN 107
VI CONTENTS
A Numerical Method for the Integration of the
Equations Governing the Propagation of E.M.
Waves in a Plane Stratified Magnetoionic Medium
L. BOSSY and H. CLAES I I I
The Effect of Ground Conductivity on VLF
Propagation
S. WESTERLUND I 17
Theory of the Terrestrial Propagation of VLF
Electromagnetic Waves
J.R. WAIT 129
PART III: VLF WAVES AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
Ionospheric Variations and their
Influence on the Propagation 149
The Use of VLF Propagation Results in Iono
spheric Modelling
w.e. BAIN 151
The Application of Inversion Techniques to
Determine the Accuracy and Resolution of
Electron Density Profiles Derived from VLF
Propagation Data
T.B. JONES and R.C. BAILEY 165
Irregular Variations in the High Latitude
Ionosphere and their Effects on Propagation
T.R. LARSEN 171
VLF Phase Perturbations Associated with
Geomagnetic Activity
T.J. ROSENBERG and F.A. SAUS 187
Determination of D-Region Electron Loss
Rates and Electron Density Profiles from
VLF Measurements during Solar Flare X-Ray
Events
G. BJ0NTEGAARD 193
The Polarization of VLF Radiowaves Re
flected from the Ionosphere
T.B. JONES 199
The Measurement of Electron Density below
70 km
Report on a Discussion Session
W.C. BAIN 201
CONTENTS VII
PART IV: PROPAGATION OF ELF WAVES IN THE
EARTH-IONOSPHERE DUCT
Theory and Experiments 205
ELF Propagation Theory
D.LL. JONES 207
Multimode Propagation in the Earth
Ionosphere Waveguide
R. BARR 225
ELF Noise Measurements
T.R. LARSEN 233
The Measurement of the E.L.F. Horizontal
Electric Field Component of the Back
ground Noise in the Sea
G. TACCONI 239
Study of Typical Night Time Atmospheric
Waveforms Observed at Poitiers (France)
M. TIXIER and R. RIVAULT 245
Sanguine
D.K. WILLIM 251
ELF Propagation Irregularities on Northern
and Mid-Latitude Paths
J.R. DAVIS 263
A Possible Explanation of the Nighttime
Variations of ELF Signal Strengths in
Connecticut
P. R. BANNISTER 279
Preliminary Discussion of ELF and VLF
Propagation Data
T.R. LARSEN 285
The Ionospheric Reflection-Level and
Leakage-Rate for the Earth-Ionosphere
Transmission-Line at ELF
H.G. BOOKER and F. LEFEUVRE 291
Some Results of Observations of IPDP-
Type Pulsations at the Soviet Observatories
N. MALTSEVA 293
PART V: MAGNETOSPHERIC PROPAGATION 295
Ray Tracing
J.C. CERISIER 297
VIII CONTENTS
Multipath Doppler Shifts in Man-Made
VLF Signals
H.C. KOONS, B.C. EDGAR, R.L. DOWDEN,
C.G. CARRINGTON and L.E.S. AMON 311
Whistlers and Discrete ELF/VLF Emissions
M.J. RYCROFT 317
Controlled VLF Experiments
G.S. STILES 335
Propagation Effects Observed In ELF/VLF
Signals in the Ionosphere
J.A. HOLTET 351
Transmission of ELF Pulses to the GEOS
Satellite
D. NUNN 361
Some Spectral Peculiarities of ELF-VLF
Emissions at Subauroral Ground Stations
N.G. KLEIMENOVA 365
PART VI: APPLICATION OF ELF-VLF WAVES 369
ELF-VLF Applications in Navigation and
Communications
E.R. SWANSON 371
Timing Systems
J. DE PRINS 385
The Use of Propagation Data In Earth
Resource Studies
K.V. PAULSON 399
Transportable VLF Transmitter
H.C. KOONS and M.H. DAZEY 413
On-Line Scanning of VLF Records
J-L. GUISSET and P. FRANCK. 417
PARTICIPANTS 419
SUBJECT INDEX 425
PREFACE
This volume is based on lectures and discussions presented at a
NATO Advanced Study Institute on ELF and VLF Radio Wave Propagation,
which was held in Norway April 1974.
The study of propagation of electromagnetic waves with frequen
cies below 100 kHz has long traditions in ionospheric physics.
To-day, this frequency range is still of great importance, both to
the physicist, who uses the waves as diagnostic tools to study the
earth's environment and to the engineer who exploits the characteris
tics of these waves to improve communications, navigation and timing
systems.
In recent years the active interest in the field has led to
very rapid progress in the development of propagation theory as
well as in the application of this theory to the solution of
practical problems. The intention of the Organizing Committee for
this Conference was to bring together theoreticians and experi
mentalists working on the various aspects of wave propagation, in
order to stimulate a fruitful discussion and exchange of ideas.
The topics covered were, besides of a general presentation of the
propagation medium - the ionosphere, propagation in the earth
ionosphere waveguide and in the upper atmosphere, ionospheric
variations and their influence on the propagation, application
of ELF and VLF waves in navigation, communication and timing
systems and in earth resource studies, wave phenomena and propa
gation of waves in the near space. Propagation at extremely low
frequencies has recently become of current interest through the
development of new transmitter facilities. An important part of
the book is therefore devoted this subject.
The major part of the volume consists of invited review papers,
providing a basic introductory to the various aspects of wave
propagation. However, in order to give the reader an up to date
account of current research in the field, approximately one half
of the 40 contributed papers has been included as short research
reports.The material covered is by no means complete, mainly because
of the wide range of the subject and the space limitations in the
Conference Preceedings. The responsibility for this lies with the
editor rather than with the individual contributors to this volume.
Oslo, June 1974
Jan A. Holtet
Part I
PROPERTIES OF THE LOWER IONOSPHERE