ELF - Shah Abdul Latif University

275 Pages·2015·9.42 MB·English

ISSN.1026-7026

E L F
(ENGLISH LANGUAGE FORUM)
ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
(HEC Recognized International Research Journal)
Vol. No.16 Refereed International Journal 2014

Department of English
Faculty of Social Sciences and Arts

SHAH ABDUL LATIF UNIVERSITY, KHAIRPUR
SINDH, PAKISTAN

Available Online at
http://salu.edu.pk/publications/research_journals/ELF/
II
4
ISSN.1026-7026
E L F
English Language Forum
ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
Department of English

Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur
Sindh, Pakistan

Vol. No.16 Refereed International Journal 2014

Patron
Prof. Dr. Parveen Shah
Vice Chancellor, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur
EDITORIAL BOARD
Prof Dr Ghulam Mustafa Mashori Editor-in-Chief
Prof Dr Ziauddin Khand Member
Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah Member
Mumtaz Ali Mari Member
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Prof Chris Kennedy Member
Dr Imtiaz Husnain (India) Member
Dr Diane Potts Member
Dr J L. Milton (UK) Member
Dr Estela Ene (USA) Member
Dr Wee Hock Ann, Lionel (Singapore) Member
Dr Kaplan M. Lindsay (USA) Member
Dr Paul Tench (UK) Member
Dr Thomas W. Meyer (USA) Member
Dr Ena Bhattacharyya (Malaysia) Member
IIVIIII I
The Role of Illustrations in an Encoding Dictionary 5

NOTES ON EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
 Prof Dr Ghulam Mustafa Mashori Editor-in-Chief
Chairman
Department of English
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Pakistan

 Prof Dr Ziauddin Khand Member
Department of English
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Pakistan

 Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah Member
Assistant Professor
Department of English
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Pakistan

 Mumtaz Ali Mari Member
Lecturer on leave for PhD at Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
Department of English
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Pakistan

 Professor Chris Kennedy(UK) Member
Centre for English Language Studies
University of Birmingham
Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UZ (UK)

 Dr Imtiaz Hasnain (India) Member
Department of Linguistics
Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, India

 Dr. Diane Potts (UK) Member
Department of Linguistics and English Language
Lancaster University, Lancaster United Kingdom

 Dr J.L. Milton (UK) Member
Head of School of Applied Linguistics
University Wales Swansea

 Dr Estela Ene (USA) Member
School of Second Language Acquisition and Teaching
University of Arizona

 Dr Wee Hock Ann, Lionel (Singapore) Member
Associate Professor of English
Department of English Language & Literature,
National University of Singapore

 Dr Kaplan M. Lindsay (USA) Member
School of English
George Town University
Washingtion D.C

 Dr Paul Tench (UK) Member
Associate Researcher
Centre for Language and Communication Research,
Cardiff University, UK
IV6

 Dr. Ena Bhattacharyya (Malaysia) Member
S. Lecturer
Department of Management and Humanities
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

About the Journal
Aims and Scope
The ELF Annual Research Journal is a HEC (Higher Education Commission of Pakistan)
recognized international journal published once a year. Manuscripts submitted to the Journal should be
original contribution¸ and should not be under consideration for any other publication at the same
time. If the manuscript is under such consideration, authors should clearly indicate this at the time of
submission.
The journal is keen to help make connections between fields, theories, research methods, and scholarly
discourses, and welcomes papers which critically reflect on literary topics, critical theories and current
practices around the world. It promotes scholarly and scientific discussion of issues in Applied
linguistics which is viewed not only in relation between theory and practice, but also as the study of
language and language-related problems in specific situations in which people use and learn language.
The ELF journal covers a wide area of enquiry in general and applied linguistics and literature, and
therefore welcomes contributions in the areas such as: bilingualism and multilingualism; conversation
analysis; corpus linguistics; critical discourse analysis, deaf linguistics, discourse analysis and pragmatics,
first and second language learning, teaching, and use; language assessment, language planning and
policies, language for special purposes, lexicography, literacies, multimodal communication, stylistics
translation studies and Sociolinguistics
General Guidelines
The ELF Annual Research Journal strictly follows a blind peer review process. To facilitate this process,
authors are requested to ensure that all submissions, whether first or revised versions, are anonymized.
Authors' names and institutional affiliations should appear only on a detachable cover sheet. Author's
name(s) should be substituted by ‘author’ throughout the paper, e.g. in references to the author's own
work. Submitted manuscripts will not normally be returned if formatted according to ELF Policy.
Contributors are required to take into account the following important factors when writing their
articles:
 They should be clearly and coherently written so that the contents are internally consistent
and accessible to the readership.
 Descriptions of practice should be related to underlying theoretical principles; theoretical
concepts should be clarified by reference to their practical applications.
 Articles that deal with a particular teaching and learning context should have clear
implications for people working in a wide variety of different situations.
 Articles must demonstrate an awareness of other and recent work carried out in the area on
which they report.
In addition to email, manuscripts should be submitted in duplicate, double-spaced
throughout (including notes), with ample margins (1.2). Pages, including those containing illustrations,
diagrams or tables, should be numbered consecutively. The manuscripts should conform to the
journal style outlined below. Any figures and tables must be clearly produced ready for photographic
reproduction. Numbers given to Tables/figures should be at the top left not the centre. The source
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The Role of Illustrations in an Encoding Dictionary 7
should be given below the table. The research papers can be submitted online/ email of the editor in
chief. ([email protected])
Length: Articles of around 4000-6000 words in length are preferred. Please give a word count at the
end of your manuscript. Word counts should include tables and appendices but may exclude the
abstract and the list of references.

The ELF Annual Research Journal Style Sheet

When you submit your manuscript for publication in the ELF Annual Research Journal, please follow
these guidelines. By preparing your manuscript in the light of these instructions, you will prevent
unnecessary delays in the publication of your paper.

The ELF Annual Research Journal follows largely the style of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA) sixth edition with some discretion as mentioned here.
Title and Abstract: Please give your manuscript a brief, clear, and informative title. Titles should
preferably be a maximum of 50 characters long, with an absolute maximum of 70, including spaces.
Begin your manuscript with an abstract of not more than 200 words summarizing your main points.
The abstract should be followed by a minimum of five keywords. As per APA style, the abstract should
describe: the problem under investigation; the participants, specifying pertinent characteristics such as
age, sex, and ethnic or racial group; the essential features of the study method—particularly the
interesting features of the study; methodology and those likely to be used in electronic searches; the
basic findings, including effect sizes and confidence intervals and/or statistical significance levels; and
the conclusions and the implications or applications.
Headings and Subheadings: Make sure the levels of different headings are clear. Do not use a
numbering or lettering system for headings. There can be three levels of headings which follow a top-
down progression. There cannot be only one heading comprising a level of heading. Note that the
publisher allows a maximum of three levels of heading as suggested below.
Level one
Flush Left, Boldface, and Upper and Lowercase Heading
Level two
Flush Left Boldface, Italicized, Upper and Lowercase Heading
Level three
Flush Left bold face, italicized, lowercase heading

Language: It is essential that your manuscript use verb tenses correctly to ensure smoothness of
expression.
 Use past tense or present perfect tense for the literature review and the description of the
procedure (i.e., method) if the discussion is of events that did indeed occur in the past.
 Use past tense to describe your analysis, findings, and the results (as your analysis and what
you found occurred in the past).
 Use present tense to discuss implications of the results and to present conclusions.

Correct sequence of items in your manuscript file: article, endnotes, references, appendix (if any, unless
a table, then attach separately as a table). Attach tables (which can be together but one per page) as a
separate file. Attach each figure as a separate file (one figure per file).
Always see the Instructions to Contributors published in each issue of the journal and online at
http://salu.edu.pk/publications/research_journals/ELF/

In-Text References: All works cited in the text should be in the reference list and vice versa.
Works are identified by author(s) and year of publication. Provide page number(s) after a direct quote.
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8
For 6 or fewer authors, list all names the first time; use “et al.” in subsequent citations if more than two
authors. For more than 6 authors, use “et al.” from the first time on. (All names must be cited in the
reference list.) If the reference list includes publications by two or more authors with the same
surname, include the author’s initials in all text citations even if the year of publication differs (e.g., J. R.
Smith,1990; B. L. Smith, 1995).
Multiple authors—in text: “Smith and Kline”; in parenthesis: (“Smith & Kline”)
Several publications by one author: (Smith, 1981, 1982) [use comma, not semicolon]
Several works cited together: (Smith, 1981; Jones, 1988) [alphabetical]
Several publications by one author, same year: (Smith, 1981a, 1981b) [consecutive by year]
Reference list: All works in the reference list must be cited in the text. Type the first line of each
reference flush left; indent all subsequent lines. Alphabetize by first author; in cases of same first
author, alphabetize by first initial, second author, etc. Single-author entries precede multiple-author
entries beginning with the same surname. For several works by the same author, cite earliest one first.

Capitalize only the first word of each title and subtitle and proper names.

In the examples on the following pages, please pay close attention to punctuation, the order of names
and initials (there should be a space between first and second initial), and capitalization of various kinds
of titles.
Journal article, one author
Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 360–370.
Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue
Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1–7.
Magazine article
Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today, pp. 70–76.
Newspaper article, discontinuous pages
Lublin, J. S. (1980, December 5). Study finds free care used more. The Wall Street Journal, pp. 1, 25.
(Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with “p.” or “pp.”)
Reference to an entire book
Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Atheneum.
Book, third edition, Jr. in name
Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Book, corporate author, author as publisher
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington,
DC: Author.
Edited book
Letheridge, S., & Canon, C. R. (Eds.). (1980). Bilingual education: Teaching English as a second language. New
York: Praeger.
Several vols. in multi-volume edited work over more than 1 year
Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977–1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1–4). New York:
Plenum Press.
Article or chapter in an edited book
Hartley, J. T., Harker, J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult
development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological
issues (pp. 239–252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Report from the Government Printing Office
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication
No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
VII
The Role of Illustrations in an Encoding Dictionary 9
Report from ERIC
Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them
(Report No. NCRTL-BR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher
Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 346 082).
Proceedings of meetings and symposia
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R.
Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38, Perspectives on motivation (pp.
237–288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
(Capitalize the name of the symposium; treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals.)
Unpublished paper presented at a meeting
Lanktree, C., & Brier, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C).
Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of
Children, San Diego, CA.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis
Wilfley, D. E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s
thesis). University of Missouri, Columbia.
Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis available from database
Ross, D. F. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).
Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International. (Z5055)
Unpublished manuscript
Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent
analyses. Unpublished manuscript.
Unpublished manuscript with a university cited
Gottfredson. G. D. (1978). Why don’t vocational interests predict job satisfaction better than they do?
Unpublished manuscript, Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of
Schools, Baltimore.

Citing Articles in Online Journals, Magazines and Newspapers
Source Example Citation
Article in an online scholarly journal Overbay, A., Patterson, A. S., & Grable, L. (2009). On
the outs: Learning styles, resistance to change, and
teacher retention. Contemporary Issues in Technology and
Teacher Education, 9(3). Retrieved from
http://www.citejournal.org/vol9/iss3/currentpractice/
article1.cfm.
Article in an online magazine Romm, J. (2008, February 27). The cold truth about
climate change. Salon.com. Retrieved from
http://www.salon.com.
Citing Web Sites
Source Example Citation
Web site with author Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February 29,
2008, from http://www.safechild.org.
Web site with corporate author Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA). (2008, February 15). Stop
underage drinking. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from
http://www.stopalcoholabuse.gov.
Web site with unknown author Penn State Myths. (2006). Retrieved December 6, 2011,
from http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/myths.html.
Page within a Web site (unknown author) Global warming solutions. (2007, May 21). In Union of
Concerned Scientists Retrieved February 29, 2008, from
http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/soultions.
Citing Blogs & Wikis
V10I II
Source Example Citation
Blog post Jeremiah, D. (2007, September 29). The right mindset
for success in business and personal life [Web log
message]. Retrieved from
http://www.myrockcrawler.com.
Wiki entry Happiness. (n.d.). In Psychwiki. Retrieved December 7,
2009 from
http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/Happiness

Citing Electronic Books
Source Example Citation
Electronic Book McKernan, B. (2005). Digital cinema: The revolution in
cinematography, postproduction, and distribution. New York,
NY: Mc-Graw Hill. Retrieved from
www.netlibrary.com.
Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in politics,
and at home. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls.
Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books.
Citing Films, Videos, DVDs
Source Example Citation
Motion Picture Johnston, J. (Director). (2004). Hidalgo. [Motion
Picture]. United States, Touchstone/Disney.

Citing Television Programs
Source Example Citation
Television program in series Buckner, N. & Whittlesey, R. (Writers, Producers &
Directors). (2006). Dogs and more dogs. [Television
series episode]. In P. Apsell (Senior Executive
Producer), NOVA. Boston: WGBH.

Peer Review Policy
The ELF Annual Research Journal practices a double blind peer review policy. The purpose of peer
review is to ensure that only good research is published. Peer review is an impartial process at the heart
of good scholarly publishing and is carried out by all reputable academic journals. Our reviewers play a
vital role in maintaining the high standards of the ELF Annual Research Journal and all manuscripts are
peer reviewed following the procedure outlined below.
Initial Manuscript Evaluation
The Editor in Chief or an Editor first evaluates all manuscripts. It is rare, but it is possible for an
exceptional manuscript to be accepted at the first stage. Manuscripts rejected at this stage are outside
the aims and scope of the journal, or are insufficiently original, have serious scientific flaws, or display
poor command of the English language or are not formatted according to the policy of the Journal.
Manuscripts that meet the minimum criteria are normally passed on to at least 2 experts for review.
The authors of the manuscripts rejected at this stage will usually be informed within 2 to 3 weeks.
Type of Peer Review
The ELF Annual Research Journal employs double blind reviewing, where both the reviewer and author
remain anonymous throughout the process.