Elements of STIL: Principles and Applications of IEEE Std. 1450

295 Pages·2003·13.356 MB·English

by  Gregory A. Maston, Tony R. Taylor, Julie N. Villar (auth.)

Elements of STlL
Principles and Applications of
IEEE Std. 1450
FRONTIERS IN ELECTRONIC TESTING
Consulting Editor
Vishwani D. Agrawal
Books in the series:
Elements oC STIL: Principles and Applications oC IEEE Std. 1450
G. Maston, T. Taylor, 1. Villar
ISBN: 1-4020-7637-1
Fault Injection Techniques and Tools for Embedded systems Reliability
Evaluation
A. Benso, P. Prinetto
ISBN: 1-4020-7589-8
High Performance Memory Memory Testing
R. Dean Adams
ISBN: 1-4020-7255-4
SOC (System-on-a-Chip) Testing for Plug and Play Test Automation
K Chakrabarty
ISBN: 1-4020-7205-8
Test Resource Partitioning for System-on-a-Chip
K Chakrabarty, Iyengar & Chandra
ISBN: 1-4020-7119-1
A Designers' Guide to Built-in Self-Test
C. Stroud
ISBN: 1-4020-7050-0
Boundary-Scan Interconnect Diagnosis
1. de Sousa, P.Cheung
ISBN: 0-7923-7314-6
Essentials oCElectronic Testing Cor Digital, Memory, and Mixed Signal VLSI Circuits
M.L. Bushnell, V.D. Agrawal
ISBN: 0-7923-7991-8
Analog and Mixed-Signal Boundary-Scan: A Guide to the IEEE 1149.4
Test Standard
A. Osseiran
ISBN: 0-7923-8686-8
Design for At-Speed Test, Diagnosis and Measurement
B. Nadeau-Dosti
ISBN: 0-79-8669-8
Delay Fault Test~ng Cor VLSI Circuits
A. Krstlc, K-T. Cheng
ISBN: 0-7923-8295-1
Research Perspectives and Case Studies in System Test and Diagnosis
1.W. Sheppard, W.R. Simpson
ISBN: 0-7923-8263-3
Formal Equivalence Checking and Design Debugging
S.-Y. Huang, K-T. Cheng
ISBN: 0-7923-8184-X
Defect Oriented Testing for CMOS Analog and Digital Circuits
M. Sachdev
ISBN: 0-7923-8083-5
Reasoning in Boolean Networks: Logic Synthesis and Verification
Using Testing Techniques
W. Kunz, D. Stoffel
ISBN: 0-7923-9921-8
Introduction to IDDQTesting
S. Chakravarty, PJ. Thadikaran
ISBN: 0-7923-9945-5
Elements of STIL
Principles and Applications of
IEEE Std. 1450
by
Gregory A. Maston
Tony R. Tay lor
Julie N. Villar
Synopsys, Inc.
SPRINGER SCIENCE+ BUSINESS MEDIA, llC
Library of Coogress Catalogiog-io-Publicatioo
CIP iofo or:
Title: Elements of STIL
Principles and Applications of IEEE Std. 1450
Author (s): Gregory A. Maston, Tony R. Taylor and Julie N. Villar
ISBN 978-1-4613-5089-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-0463-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0463-4
Copyright © 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 2003
AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Permissions for books published in the USA: perrnissions@wkap. corn
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Printed an acid-free paper.
Contents
Standard
Test Interface
Language
Contents ........................................................................... v
L· t f F· ...
IS 0 Igures ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XIII
List of Tables .................................................................. xv
Preface .......................................................................... xvii
Acknowledgements .................................................................................... xix
1 Foundations of STIL ..................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
l.2 Organization of this Book .............................................................................. 2
1.3 History ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Foundation Efforts .......................................................................................... 6
l.5 Scope of STIL and Follow-On Efforts ........................................................... 6
1.5.1 Negotiating the Scope Limits .......................................................................... 7
1.5.2 Format or Language? ...................................................................................... 7
v
ELEMENTS OF STIL
1.5.3 Compression and the Binary Format Discussion ............................................ 8
1.5.4 Evolving Standards ......................................................................................... 9
1.6 Parallel Standards ................•........................................................................ 10
2 ST IL Test ...................................................................... 13
2.1 Test Stresses ................................................................................................. 13
2.1.1 ASIC Test ...................................................................................................... 14
2.1.2 Microprocessor Test ...................................................................................... 14
2.2 Test Strategies ............................................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Fault Models ................................................................................................. 16
2.2.2 Functional and Structural Testing ................................................................. 17
2.2.3 Single Stuck-At Fault Model ........................................................................ 18
2.2.4 Bridging Faults Model .................................................................................. 19
2.2.5 IOOq Testing .................................................................................................. 20
2.2.6 Delay Tests .................................................................................................... 21
2.2.7 Transition Fault Model .................................................................................. 22
2.2.8 Path Delay Fault Model ................................................................................ 23
2.2.9 Test Metrics ................................................................................................... 23
2.2.10 Fault Diagnosis ............................................................................................. 24
2.3 Test Behaviors ............................................................................................. .24
2.3.1 Signals ........................................................................................................... 24
2.3.2 Stimulus and Response ................................................................................. 27
2.3.3 Periodicity ..................................................................................................... 27
2.3.4 Output Response Constraints ........................................................................ 28
2.4 Test Induced Faults ....................................................................................... 29
2.4.1 Packaging Effects .......................................................................................... 30
2.4.2 Simultaneous Switching Outputs ..... '" ...................................... '" ................. 30
2.4.3 Guardbanding ................................................................................................ 30
2.5 Other Applications of STIL.. ........................................................................ 31
3 S ignais .......................................................................... 33
3.1 Signals .......................................................................................................... 33
3.1.1 User Names Characteristics .......................................................................... 35
3.1.2 Really Long User Names and Concatenation ............................................... 36
3.1.3 Types of Signals ........................................................................ '" ... '" ........... 38
3.2 Signal Arrays ................................................................................................ 39
vi
CONTENTS
3.3 SignalGroups ............................................................................................... .40
3.3.1 SignalGroup Block Names ........................................................................... 43
3.3.2 SignalGroup Evaluation and Name Resolution ........................................... .44
3.3.3 Applications of SignaIGroups ....................................................................... 46
3.4 STIL Statement Constructs and Block Structure ........................................ .47
3.4.1 Single Statements Construct ......................................................................... 48
3.4.2 Block Statements Construct .......................................................................... 48
3.4.3 Named Blocks .............................................................................................. .48
3.4.4 Reserving the Leading Keyword .................................................................. .49
3.5 Signals and SignalGroups Syntax ................................................................ 50
3.6 Signal and Signal Group Attributes ............................................................... 51
3.7 The Test Attributes ....................................................................................... 53
3.7.1 Application of the Test Attributes ................................................................. 53
3.7.2 Propagation of the Test Attributes ................................................................. 54
3.7.3 Two Usage Models for the Test Attributes .................................................... 55
3.8 WGL Signals ................................................................................................ 56
4 Timing .......................................................................... 59
4.1 The Timing Block ........................................................................................ 59
4.2 Event Statements .......................................................................................... 60
4.2.1 States and Levels ........................................................................................... 62
4.2.2 ForceUnknown, 'N' ...................................................................................... 62
4.2.3 The Difference Between Compare and Expect States .................................. 63
4.2.4 The Relationship Between Drive and Compare States ................................. 64
4.3 Basic Time Expressions ............................................................................... 64
4.4 Waveforms .................................................................................................... 65
4.4.1 Types of Waveforms ...................................................................................... 66
4.4.2 Waveform Styles ........................................................................................... 67
4.5 WaveformCharacters .................................................................................... 68
4.6 Merging Common Waveforms .................................................... ; ................ 69
4.7 Event Ordering and Persistence ................................................................... 71
4.8 Maintaining Related Events ......................................................................... 73
4.8.1 End-Strobe Relationships .............................................................................. 74
4.8.2 Delayed Pulse or NRZ Waveforms ............................................................... 76
4.9 Special Events ..............................................................................................7 8
4.9.1 Time-Zero Event ........................................................................................... 78
vii
ELEMENTS OF STIL
4.9.2 Tristate Events ............................................................................................... 79
4.10 The Rest of the Timing Block Syntax .......................................................... 80
4.10.1 Period Statement ........................................................................................... 81
4.10.2 Signal Reference Resolution in Timing ........................................................ 81
4.11 WGL Timing Constructs .............................................................................. 83
5 Patterns ........................................................................ 85
5.1 Fundamental Pattern Constructs ................................................................... 85
5.2 Statement Order Dependency ....................................................................... 86
5.3 WaveformTable Reference Statement .......................................................... 87
5.4 Signal Assignment.. ...................................................................................... 88
5.4.1 Multiple Signal Assignment ......................................................................... 89
5.4.2 Multiple Based Signal Assignment.. ............................................................. 90
5.4.3 Decimal Mapping .......................................................................................... 93
5.4.4 Default Attributes .......................................................................................... 93
5.4.5 WFC Expressions .......................................................................................... 93
5.4.6 Mixing Modifiers .......................................................................................... 95
5.5 Vectors .......................................................................................................... 96
5.6 Conditions .................................................................................................... 97
5.7 Incremental Behavior ................................................................................... 98
5.8 Loop Constructs ......................................................................................... 100
5.8.1 Loop Statement ........................................................................................... 100
5.8.2 MatchLoop .................................................................................................. 101
5.8.3 Other Loops ................................................................................................ 102
5.9 Labels ......................................................................................................... 10 2
5.10 Stop and IDDQTestPoint.. .................. :. ...................................................... l04
5.11 BreakPoint .................................................................................................. I 04
5.12 WGL Pattern Constructs ............................................................................ 105
6 Tying It All Together ................................................. 109
6.1 Basic STIL Information Flow .................................................................... 109
6.2 The PattemBurst ......................................................................................... Ill
6.2.1 Basic PattemBurst ....................................................................................... 111
6.2.2 Hierarchical PattemBursts .......................................................................... 112
viii
CONTENTS
6.2.3 Environment/Context Statements in the PatternBurst... .............................. I13
6.2.4 PatternBurst Organizations ......................................................................... 114
6.3 The PattemExec ......................................................................................... 116
6.4 Additional STIL Constructs ....................................................................... 1 17
6.4.1 STIL block .................................................................................................. 117
6.4.2 Header block ............................................................................................... 118
6.4.3 Annotations ................................................................................................. 119
6.4.4 Comments ................................................................................................... 121
6.5 STIL Block Order. ...................................................................................... 122
6.6 WGL Constructs ......................................................................................... 123
7 Files and the Include Statement ............................... 125
7.1 Include Statement ....................................................................................... 125
7.1.1 Relative File Path Naming .......................................................................... 127
7.1.2 Absolute File Path Naming ......................................................................... 127
7.1.3 Using Logicals in the Path Name ................................................................ 127
7.2 The ItNeed Option ..................................................................................... 128
7.3 Additional File Constructs and Behaviors .................................................. 128
8 Specifications ............................................................. 131
8.1 Device Operating Specifications ................................................................ 131
8.2 STIL Extensions to the Spec Variables ...................................................... 133
8.3 Spec and Category ...................................................................................... 133
8.4 Spec Variable Resolution ........................................................................... 136
8.5 Based Expressions ...................................................................................... 137
8.6 Selector ....................................................................................................... 138
8.7 Applying Spec Variables ............................................................................ 139
8.8 More Spec Constructs ................................................................................ 140
8.8.1 Explicit Spec Variable Type Referencing ................................................... 140
8.8.2 The Spec Variable Meas Type ..................................................................... 140
8.9 Relative Waveform Timing ........................................................................ 141
8.10 Styles of Timing Representation ................................................................ 142
8.11 WGL Specification Constructs ................................................................... 144
ix
ELEMENTS OF STll
9 Partitioning Timing ................................................... 145
9.1 AIl-Waveforms-in-One-Table ..................................................................... 146
9.2 One-Waveform-Per-Table ........................................................................... 147
9.3 Happier Mediums ....................................................................................... 149
9.3.l WaveformCharacter Conventions ............................................................... 149
9.3.2 Common Waveform Groups ....................................................................... 150
9.4 Waveform Grouping/Merging .................................................................... 151
9.5 WGL Pattern Data and WaveformCharacters ............................................ 153
10 Advanced Timing .................................................... 155
10.1 Incremental Timing Definitions ................................................................. 155
10.1.1 Waveform Labels ........................................................................................ 157
10.1.2 Inherit Statements in the Timing Block ...................................................... 158
10.1.3 InheritWaveformTable timing_name.wfcname ......................................... 159
10.1.4 InheritWaveform timing_name. wfCname.wave_label ............................... 160
10.1.5 InheritWaveform timing_name.wfcname.wave_label.wfc ........................ 161
10.1.6 Inherited Information Resolution ................................................................ 162
10.1. 7 Inherited signal_reference Resolution ........................................................ 163
10.1.8 The Syntax Issue with Inherit Names and Concatenation .......................... 164
10.2 Inherit Strategies ........................................................................................ 165
10.2.1 InheritWaveformTable Examples ................................................................ 166
10.2.2 Inheriting Separated Time and State in Waveforms .................................... 168
10.3 Sub Waveforms ........................................................................................... 170
10.4 Multiple Data Waveforms .......................................................................... 172
11 Procedures and Macros .......................................... 177
11.1 Structured Test Development ..................................................................... 177
11.2 STIL Procedures ......................................................................................... 179
11.3 MacroDefs .................................................................................................. 180
11.4 Differences Between Procedures and Macros ............................................ 181
11.5 Procedure and Macro Parameters ............................ ,. ................................. 186
11.5.1 Single Parameter Application ..................................................................... 188
11.5.2 Multiple Parameter Application .................................................................. 190
11.6 Calling Procedures and Macros .................................................................. 192
x