Elements of spatial structures : analysis and design

671 Pages·2003·16.252 MB·English

by  Bangash, T., Bangash, M. Y. H

Elements of Spatial Structures
Examplesofthedifferentformsofshellstructure,TheSheratonHotel,Aukara(left)and
theDomeoftheRock,Jerusalem(right).
Elements of Spatial
Structures – Analysis
and Design
M.Y.H. Bangash and T. Bangash
PublishedbyThomasTelfordPublishing,ThomasTelfordLimited,
1HeronQuay,LondonE144JD
www.thomastelford.com
DistributorsforThomasTelfordbooksare
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Firstpublished2003
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:0727731491
©M.Y.H.Bangash,2003
©T.Bangash,2003
Allrights,includingtranslationreserved.Exceptforfaircopying,nopartofthispublicationmay
bereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,
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Publisher,ThomasTelfordPublishing,ThomasTelfordLimited,1HeronQuay,London
E144JD.
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PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyMPGBooks,Cornwall
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
ConversionTables xvii
Section I: Loads and Material Properties of
Spatial Structures
1 LoadsonSpatialStructures 3
1.1 AnIntroductiontoLoads 3
1.2 DeadLoading 4
1.3 ImposedLoading 4
1.4 DynamicLoadsforDancingandJumping 4
1.5 StatisticalDataonLoadsonConstructedFacilities 10
1.5.1 Windloading 10
1.5.2 Windloadingformationonspatialstructures 13
1.5.3 Standardwindspeeds 14
1.6 InternalPressureCoefficient 17
1.6.1 Enclosedbuildings 17
1.6.2 Additionalloadingcriteria 20
1.7 SnowLoadingonSpatialStructures 22
1.7.1 Snowloads 26
1.7.2 Snowslidingdownroofs 27
1.8 EarthquakeorSeismicLoadsonSpatialStructures 28
1.9 TheWorld’sEarthquakeCountries 29
1.9.1 Theintensityscales 32
2 MaterialPropertiesofSpatialStructures 39
2.1 MaterialPropertiesofConcrete 39
2.1.1 Characteristicsofconcrete(BritishPractice) 39
2.1.2 Characteristicsofconcrete(AmericanPractice) 40
2.2 CharacteristicStrainandOtherPropertiesofReinforcingBars 44
2.2.1 ComparativestudyofAmerican,BritishandECPractices 44
2.2.2 Reinforcement,gradesandstrength 45
vi ELEMENTS OF SPATIAL STRUCTURES
2.3 WeldedWireFabric 50
2.3.1 Minimumreinforcementforshrinkageandtemperature 50
2.3.2 Shearreinforcement 50
2.3.3 Anchorageofwebreinforcement 50
2.4 PrestressingSteel 50
2.4.1 BritishPractice 50
2.4.2 AmericanPractice 51
2.5 MaterialPropertiesofStructuralSteels 53
2.5.1 BritishPractice 53
2.5.2 AmericanPractice 53
2.5.3 EuropeanPractice(Eurocode3) 54
2.6 MaterialPropertiesofAluminiumStructures 54
2.6.1 BritishPractice 54
2.6.2 AmericanPractice 56
2.7 Timber/WoodMaterialProperties 56
2.7.1 BritishPractice 56
2.7.2 AmericanPractice 59
2.7.3 EuropeanPractice 59
2.8 MechanicalPropertiesofGlass 63
2.8.1 Typeofglass 64
2.8.2 Processedglasses 65
2.9 MaterialPropertiesofPlastics,FibresandFabrics 67
2.9.1 Plastics 67
2.9.2 Fibresandfabrics 67
2.9.3 Generalpropertiesofplasticsandfabrics 69
ReferencesandBibliography(SectionI) 79
Section II: Tall Building Frames, Shear Walls and
Lattice/Grid Roof Structures
3 SpatialBuildingFramesunderSeismicEffects 85
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 TallBuildingsunderSeismicEffects 85
3.2.1 Nature,causesandeffectsofearthquakes 85
3.2.2 Dynamiceffectsofearthquakesonrigid-framed
structures 87
3.2.3 Dynamiceffectsofearthquakesonflexiblyframed
structures 88
3.2.4 Dynamicresponseofmulti-degree-of-freedomsystem 91
3.2.5 Codifiedmethodsforseismicdesign 94
3.3 FiniteElementAnalysisofa55-StoreyBuilding 102
CONTENTS vii
4 ShearWalls:AnalysisandDesign 107
4.1 MethodsofAnalysis 107
4.2 ClassicalMethod 107
4.2.1 Coupledshearwalls:Dhillion’smethod 107
4.2.2 Analysis:slope–deflectionmethod 109
4.2.3 Piercedshearwalls:Magnusmethod 113
Case1Analysisofwallswithrigidfoundations 114
Case2Analysisofwallswithnon-rigidfoundations 119
4.3 SummaryofDesignProcedure 128
4.3.1 Rigidfoundations 128
4.3.2 Non-rigidfoundationswithoutwindaction 128
4.3.3 Non-rigidfoundationswithwindaction 129
4.4 FlexibilityMethod 130
4.4.1 Generalizedflexibilityequations 131
4.4.2 Exampleontheflexibilitymethodofframes 132
4.4.3 Analysisofinterconnectedshearwalls 135
4.5 StiffnessMethod 135
4.5.1 Methodofanalysis 135
4.5.2 Mathematicalmodel 137
4.6 FiniteElementMethod 145
4.6.1 Acomparativestudyofresults 146
Appendix4.1 ChartsI–VIII 151
5 LatticeStressedSkinandSpaceGridSystemsforRoofStructures 161
5.1 ClassificationofSpatialStructures 161
5.2 Single-LayeredGridSystem 162
5.3 Double-LayeredGridSystem 162
5.4 StressedSkinSystem 165
5.5 SpatialNetworkforTube/MemberStructures 171
5.6 DifferenceEquationSystemofSpatialGrids 176
5.7 EquilibriumEquationofGridsUsingaDirectConnectingSystem 177
5.8 ComparisonofContinuumandFiniteElementMethods 180
Appendix5.1 CaseStudies 183
ReferencesandBibliography(SectionII) 225
Section III: Shell-Shaped Spatial Structures
6 Shell-ShapedSpatialStructures 243
6.1 CharacteristicsofShell-ShapedStructures 243
6.1.1 Functioning 243
6.1.2 Shapeandcurvature 246
6.1.3 Boundaryandedgeconditions 246
viii ELEMENTS OF SPATIAL STRUCTURES
6.2 GeneralizedAnalysisofThinShellSurfaces 246
6.2.1 Assumptionsmadeinthetheoryofelasticthinshells 246
6.2.2 Assumptionsofthemembranetheoryforshells 249
6.2.3 Theequationsofequilibriumoftheelementofashellof
revolution 250
6.2.4 Shellsofrevolution:axisymmetricloading 253
6.3 CylindricalShellSurfaces 254
6.3.1 Typesofcylindricalshellsurfaces 254
6.3.2 Shortandlongcylindricalshellsurfaces 256
6.4 MembraneSolutionofDomicalSurfaces 261
6.4.1 Equationsofequilibriumoftheelementofashellof
revolution 261
Computerprogram:NAZAMlistings 270
6.4.2 Conoidaldome’ssurfaces 273
Computerprogram:conoidaldomes 282
6.4.3 Ellipticaldome-shapedsurfaces 285
6.4.4 Torosphericalshellsurfaces 287
Computerprogram:analysisofthinshells 297
6.5 HyperbolicParaboloid-ShapedStructures 303
6.5.1 Surfacedefinition 303
6.5.2 Geometry 303
6.5.3 Skewedhyperbolicparaboloid 306
6.5.4 Groinedvault 307
6.5.5 Ellipticalparaboloidshells 315
6.5.6 Coolingtowerandcablenettowershellshapes 324
Computerprogram:dynamicwindpressureoncooling
tower(NAZAM-4) 334
6.5.7 Coolingtowersupportingstructure 342
6.6 CatenaryTypeSpaceStructures 345
6.6.1 Equationofthecatenary 346
6.6.2 Radiusofcurvature 348
6.7 CycloidalShapedElementsofSpatialStructures 351
6.7.1 Equationofcycloid:shapeofthespatialstructural
element 352
6.7.2 Radiusofcurvature 355
6.7.3 Surfaceareaandvolumeofcycloidofrevolution 357
6.8 FoldedPlates 362
6.8.1 Somecommonshapes 363
6.8.2 Definitions 363
6.8.3 Basicassumptions 365
6.8.4 Methodofanalysis 365
6.9 CaseStudy 366
6.9.1 Singleplateundertheactionoftransversemoment 366
CONTENTS ix
6.9.2 Platesystemundertheactionoflineloadsalongthe
foldlines 366
6.9.3 Analysis 369
6.9.4 Behaviourofsingleplatesandplatesjoinedalongfold
linesundervarioussystemsofactions 376
ReferencesandBibliography(SectionIII) 381
Section IV: Cable Suspended, Glass and Fabric, Net
and Tensegritic Structures
7 TensionStructures 389
7.1 GeneralIntroduction 389
7.2 Cable-SuspendedStructures 393
7.3 PneumaticStructures 399
7.3.1 Historicalreviewofpneumaticstructures 399
7.3.2 Air-supportedstructures 402
7.3.3 Air-inflatedstructures 402
7.4 TensegriticStructures 403
7.4.1 Applicationoftensegriticnets 404
7.4.2 Analysisoftensegriticstructures 405
7.5 NetandTentStructures 410
7.5.1 Films,fabricsandcoatedfabrics 411
7.6 Calculations 412
7.6.1 Developmentofstiffnessmatrixforplaneframemembers 412
7.6.2 Assemblyofthestiffnessmatrixforastructure 417
7.6.3 Stiffnessmatricesforastraightuniformmemberinaspace 419
7.6.4 Suspendedtrussedframessupportingthearearoof 425
7.6.5 Calculationsforathree-membernetworkunderload 428
7.6.6 Loadanddisplacementsinapin-jointedsupportingframe 430
7.7 ClassificationofConnectors 434
7.7.1 TheMerosystem 434
7.7.2 TheTriodeticsystem 436
7.7.3 OktaplatteandOkta-Ssystems 436
7.7.4 TheNodussystem 437
7.8 FiniteElementAnalysisofTensileMembraneStructures 437
7.8.1 Non-linearfiniteelementanalysis 444
7.8.2 Non-lineardynamicanalysisoftensegritysystems 446
7.8.3 Finiteelementanalysisofdynamicresponseof
wrinklingfabricstructures 448
7.8.4 Stress–straininwrinkling 449
7.8.5 Dynamicfiniteelementanalysisofwrinklingfabric
membrane 453
7.8.6 Fabricstructure:acasestudy 453
x ELEMENTS OF SPATIAL STRUCTURES
7.9 GlazingMaterialsandSpecificationsinSpatialStructures 459
7.10 SafetyofGlazing 465
7.10.1 Characteristicsoffractures 465
7.10.2 Glassinriskareas 467
7.10.3 PropertiesofPVBinterlayerusedinlaminatedglass 468
7.10.4 PropertiesofSIFCONlayer 469
7.10.5 Glasspliesconstitutiverelations 470
7.11 BlastDesignforGlazing 472
7.11.1 Blastloadingsonglass 474
7.11.2 Explosivesandbombs(internalandexternalblast)
loadingmodel 474
7.11.3 Finiteelementanalysisofglass-coveredspatialstructures 478
7.11.4 Analysisofresults 479
7.12 GlassunderExplosion 481
7.12.1 Failureofalaminatedglassasastrainratematerial
subjectedtoimpactandexplosion 484
7.13 Conclusion 484
ReferencesandBibliography(SectionIV) 485
Section V: Methods of Analysis for Supporting Structures
8 MethodsofAnalysis 499
8.1 FlexibilityMethodofAnalysis 499
8.1.1 Generalizedmethodofanalysisusingaflexibilitymethod 499
8.1.2 Flexibilityofparabolicarchespinnedatsupports 504
8.1.3 Parabolicarchessupportedatdifferentlevels 506
8.1.4 Archeswithfixedends 510
8.1.5 Supportsatdifferentlevels 512
8.1.6 Temperatureandshrinkageinfixedarches:supportsat
differentlevels 514
8.2 StiffnessorDisplacementMethod:BeamsinSpatialStructures 524
8.2.1 Step-by-stepprocedure 524
8.3 SpatialStructures 527
8.3.1 Trusses:stiffnessmethod 527
8.4 MethodofTensionCoefficients 538
8.4.1 Spaceframes 539
8.5 Pin-connectedSchwedlerDomeUsingTensionCoefficients 562
8.5.1 TheSchwedlerdome 562
8.5.2 Extensionofthetensioncoefficienttodomes 564
8.6 GeneralFormulaeforSupportingFrames 566
8.6.1 Finiteelementanalysisofthesupportingsystems 566
ReferencesandBibliography(SectionV) 575