Table Of Content

Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Elements of Spacecraft Design Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics This page intentionally left blank Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Elements of Spacecraft Design Charles D. Brown Wren Software, Inc. Castle Rock, Colorado &AL1A EDUCATION SERIES J. S. Przemieniecki Series Editor-in-Chief Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Reston, Virginia 1 2 3 45 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brown, Charles D., 1930- Elements of spacecraft design / Charles D. Brown. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space vehicles—Design and construction. I. Title. TL875 .B76 2002 629.47—dc21 2002010232 ISBN 1-56347-524-3 (alk. paper) Copyright © 2002 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Data and information appearing in this book are for informational purposes only. AIAA is not responsi- ble for any injury or damage resulting from use or reliance, nor does AIAA warrant that use or reliance will be free from privately owned rights. Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIAA Education Series Editor-in-Chief John S. Przemieniecki Air Force Institute of Technology (retired) Editorial Advisory Board Daniel J. Biezad Robert G. Loewy California Polytechnic State University Georgia Institute of Technology Aaron R. Byerley Michael Mohaghegh U.S. Air Force Academy The Boeing Company Kajal K. Gupta Dora Musielak NASA Dryden Flight Research Center TRW, Inc. John K. Harvey Conrad F. Newberry Imperial College Naval Postgraduate School David K. Holger David K. Schmidt Iowa State University University of Colorado, Colorado Springs Rakesh K. Kapania Peter J. Turchi Virginia Polytechnic Institute Los Alamos National Laboratory and State University Brian Landrum David M. Van Wie University of Alabama, Huntsville J°hns Hopkins University Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics This page intentionally left blank Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Foreword The latest text by Charles Brown, Elements of Spacecraft Design, complements his other two texts, Spacecraft Mission Design and Spacecraft Propulsion, pre- viously published in this series. This new text starts first with a comprehensive discussion of the conceptual stages of mission design, systems engineering, and orbital mechanics, all of which provide the basis for the design process for different components and functions. Included are propulsion and power systems, structures, attitude control, thermal control, command and data systems, and telecommuni- cations. This text evolved from the spacecraft design course taught by the author for many years at the University of Colorado. The author is eminently qualified to write on the subject of spacecraft design, having been involved in directing various design teams at Martin Marietta, for the Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to orbit another planet in 1971, the Viking orbiter spacecraft, and the Magellan spacecraft, which produced the first high-resolution imaging of the planet Venus and was the first planetary spacecraft to fly on the Shuttle. In 1992, Charles Brown received the Goddard Memorial Trophy for his Magellan project leadership and the NASA Public Service Medal, just to mention a few of his accomplishments and awards. The AIAA Education Series of textbooks and monographs, inaugurated in 1984, embraces a broad spectrum of theory and application of different disciplines in aeronautics and astronautics, including aerospace design practice. The series also includes texts on defense science, engineering, and management. The books serve as both teaching texts for students and reference materials for practicing engineers, scientists, and managers. The complete list of textbooks published in the series can be found on the end pages of this volume. J. S. Przemieniecki Editor-in-Chief AIAA Education Series VII Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics This page intentionally left blank Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 1.1 First Spacecraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 1.2 Spacecraft Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 Chapter 2. System Engineering ........................... 13 2.1 Anatomy of a Spacecraft............................. 13 2.2 Mass Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 2.3 Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 2.4 Other Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36 2.5 Redundancy Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 2.6 Launch Vehicle Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43 Chapter 3. Orbital Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45 3.1 Two-Body Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46 3.2 Orbital Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 3.3 Observing the Central Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84 3.4 Special Earth Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101 3.5 Interplanetary Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 110 3.6 Lunar Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 138 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 147 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 148 Chapter 4. Propulsion .................................. 153 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153 4.2 Theoretical Rocket Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154 4.3 Propulsion Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 161 4.4 Monopropellant Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179 4.5 Bipropellant Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 209 4.6 Dual-Mode Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 222 4.7 Solid Rocket Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223 IX