Elements of Shipping

499 Pages·1989·11.402 MB·English

by  Alan E. Branch F.C.I.T., F.I.Ex. (auth.)

Elements of
Shipping
BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR:
(1984) Elements of Export Marketing and Management, 1st edn,
Chapman and Hall, London.
(1984) Dictionary of Commercial Terms and Abbreviations, 1st
edn, (6000 entries), Witherby and Co. Ltd, London.
(1985) Elements of Export Practice, 2nd edn, Chapman and Hall,
London.
(1986) Dictionary of Shipping/International Trade Terms and
Abbreviations (9000 entries) Witherby and Co. Ltd, London.
(1986) Elements of Port Operation and Management, 1st edn,
Chapman and Hall, London.
(1988) Economics of Shipping Practice and Management, 2nd edn,
Chapman and Hall, London.
(1988) Dictionary of English-Arabic Shipping/International Trade!
Commercial Terms and Abbreviations, (4400 entries), 1st edn,
Witherby and Co. Ltd, London.
(1989) Import/Export Documentation, 1st edn, Chapman and
Hall, London.
(1989) Dictionary of Multilingual CommerciallInternational Trade/
Shipping Terms in English/ French/German/Spanish (13 000
entries), 1st edn, Witherby and Co. Ltd, London.
Elements of
Shipping
Sixth edition
Alan E. Branch
F.C.LT., F.LEx.
Senior Lecturer and Chief Examiner
in Shipping and Export Practice,
Shipping and Export Consultant
Export and Shipping Director
Chapman and Hall
LONDON NEW YORK
First published in 1964 by
Chapman and Hall Ltd
II New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Published in the USA by
Chapman and Hall
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 USA
Second edition 1970 Third edition 1975
Fourth edition 1977 Fifth edition 1981
Reprinted 1983 Sixth edition 1989
©1964, 1970, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1989 Alan E. Branch
Typeset in lOon 12 Times by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon.
St. Edmundsbury Press, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk
ISBN 978-94-010-9294-4 ISBN 978-94-010-9292-0 (eBookl
DOl 10.1007/978-94-010-9292-0
This paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that
it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold,
hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's
prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar condition including
this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced, or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Branch, Alan E. (Alan Edward), 1933-
Elements of shipping. - 6th ed.
1. Shipping
1. Title
387.5
ISBN 978-94-010-9294-4
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Branch, Alan E.
Elements of shipping/ Alan E. Branch. - 6th ed.
p. cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-94-010-9294-4
1. Shipping. 1. Title.
HE571.B67 1989
387--dc20 89-7215
CIP
To my wife
Kathleen
Contents
Acknowledgements Xlll
Preface to the sixth edition xv
Preface to the first edition XVll
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope of book 1
1.2 Function of shipping and its relationship to
international trade 1
2 The ship 3
2.1 Main features of hull and machinery 3
2.2 Types of propulsion 11
2.3 Types and methods of tonnage measurement 14
2.4 Relationship between deadweight tonnage and
cubic capacity 15
3 Ship design and construction 17
3.1 General principles and factors influencing design,
type and size of ship 17
3.2 Safety and other regulations 19
3.3 Statutory regulations 19
3.4 Survey methods 24
3.5 Recent trends in ship design 26
3.6 General structure of cargo vessels 30
3.7 Transfer of class from one classification society
to another 37
3.8 Economics of new and second-hand tonnage 38
4 Ships and their cargoes 42
Vlll Contents
4.1 Types of ships 42
4.2 Liners 44
4.3 Tramps 45
4.4 Specialized vessels 48
5 Manning of vessels 67
5.1 Duties and responsibilities of the Master 71
5.2 Ship's officers and crew manning 73
5.3 International Conference on Training and
Certification of Seafarers 1978 81
5.4 Engagement and discharge of the crew 84
5.5 The National Maritime Board 88
5.6 General Council of British Shipping 89
5.7 International Shipping Federation (ISF) 89
6 Customs House and ship's papers 91
6.1 Organization and workings of Customs & Excise 91
6.2 Importation and exportation of goods 93
6.3 Ship's papers 103
6.4 Ship's protest 104
6.5 Inland clearance depots 105
7 Maritime canals and inland waterways 106
7.1 Suez Canal Authority 109
7.2 The economic effect of canals and the level of dues
charged 110
7.3 The influence of canals on ship design 112
7.4 Canal areas as points of economic growth 113
7.5 Inland waterways 113
7.6 Eurotunnel 114
8 Services performed by principal shipping
organizations 117
8.1 General Council of British Shipping 117
8.2 International Association of Independent Tanker
Owners (INTERTANKO) 120
8.3 International Cargo Handling Co-ordination
(ICHCA) Association 122
8.4 International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) 126
8.5 International Maritime Organization (IMO) 127
Contents IX
8.6 International Maritime Satellite Organization
(INMARSAT) 142
8.7 International Labour Organization 146
8.8 Council of European and Japanese National
Shipowners' Associations (CENSA) 156
8.9 International Committee of Passenger Lines 158
8.10 International Committee on the Organization of
Traffic at Sea (ICOTAS) 159
8.11 Lloyd's Register of Shipping 159
8.12 Bureau Veritas Classification Society Group 173
8.13 The Corporation of Lloyd's 178
8.14 Protection and indemnity associations 180
8.15 The Salvage Association 187
8.16 Baltic Exchange 190
8.17 Baltic International Freight Futures Exchange
(BIFFEX) 192
8.18 Freight Transport Association incorporating the
British Shippers' Council 196
8.19 Simplification of International Trade Procedures
Board (SITPRO) 200
9 Passenger fares and freight rates 205
9.1 Theory of passenger fares 205
9.2 Short sea and estuarial passenger trades 206
9.3 Inclusive tours 208
9.4 Theory of freight rates and effect of air competition
on cargo traffic 209
9.5 Relationship between liner and tramp rates 218
9.6 Relationship between voyage and time charter rates 219
9.7 Types offreight 219
9.8 Mail contracts and agreements 221
9.9 Market pricing 221
10 Liner conferences 223
10.1 Liner conference system 223
10.2 Advantages and disadvantages 225
10.3 Deferred rebate and contract systems 231
]0.4 Government control of freight rates 233
10.5 Harmonization conferences 236
10.6 The future of liner conferences 236
x Contents
11 Ship operation 239
11.1 Factors to consider in planning sailing schedules 239
11.2 Problems presented to shipowners by fluctuations
in trade and unequal balance of trade 243
11.3 The relative importance of speed, frequency,
reliability, cost and quality of sea transport 247
11.4 Voyage estimates 249
11.5 Indivisible loads 250
12 Bills of lading 252
12.1 Bills of Lading Act 1855 252
12.2 Carriage of Goods by Sea Acts 1924 and 1971 253
12.3 Salient points of a bill of lading 256
12.4 Types of bills of lading 256
12.5 Function of the bill of lading 262
12.6 International Convention concerning the Carriage
of Goods by Rail (CIM) 265
12.7 Convention on the Contract for the International
Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) 265
12.8 Combined Transport 266
12.9 Common short form bill of lading and common
short form sea waybill 266
12.10 Standard Shipping Note 274
12.11 Gold Clause Agreement 276
12.12 Liability of the carrier 276
13 Cargoes 278
13.1 Cargo stowage/package overview 278
13.2 Stowage of cargo 279
13.3 Types and characteristics of cargo 282
13.4 Cargo-handling equipment 291
13.5 Types of packing 301
13.6 Dangerous cargo 305
14 The shipping company 314
14.1 Size and scope of the undertaking 314
14.2 Liner organization 315
14.3 Tramp organization 325
14.4 Holding companies and subsidiaries including
ancillary activities of shipping undertakings 325
Contents xi
14.5 Ship management companies 327
14.6 Ownership of vessels 328
14.7 Capitalization and finance of shipping undertakings 329
14.8 Income and expenditure 332
14.9 Statistics 332
14.10 Computerization 334
14.11 Credit control 336
14.12 Freight forwarder 337
14.13 Chartered shipbroker 339
14.14 Ship's agents 340
15 Charter parties 343
15.1 Demise and non-demise charter parties 343
15.2 Voyage and time charter parties 348
15.3 Approved form of charter parties and related bills
of lading used 359
15.4 Voyage estimates 368
15.5 Sale and purchase of ships 372
16 Containerization 382
16.1 Container ships - terminals - trades 382
16.2 Container types 394
16.3 Advantages/disadvantages of containerization 403
16.4 Container bases 406
16.5 International authorization 408
17 The international consignment 411
17.1 Factors to consider in evaluating the suitability
of transport mode(s) for an international
organization consignment 411
17.2 Delivery trade terms of sale and export contract 412
17.3 Receipt of export order 417
17.4 Progress of export order and check list 420
17.5 Function/procedures of export documentation 422
17.6 Data Interchange for Shipping (DISH) and
Electronic Data Interchange (ED I) 428
18 Ship management 434
18.1 Commercial aspects of ship management 434
18.2 Operating aspects of ship management 436