Elements of physical chemistry, 5th Edition

600 Pages·2009·27.67 MB·English

by  Peter William Atkins

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Fundamental constants
Quantity Symbol Value Power of ten Units
Speed of light c 2.997 925 58* 108 m s–1
Elementary charge e 1.602 176 10–19 C
Boltzmann's constant k 1.380 65 10–23 J K–1
Planck constant h 6.626 08 10–34 J s
h– = h(cid:2)2p 1.054 57 10–34 J s
Avogadro's constant N 6.022 14 1023 mol–1
A
Atomic mass constant m 1.660 54 10–27 kg
u
Mass
electron m 9.109 38 10–31 kg
e
proton m 1.672 62 10–27 kg
p
neutron m 1.674 93 10–27 kg
n
(cid:2)
Vacuum permittivity e = 1 c2μ 8.854 19 10–12 J–1 C2 m–1
0 0
4pe 1.112 65 10–10 J–1 C2 m–1
0
Vacuum permeability μ 4p 10–7 J s2 C–2 m–1 (= T2 J–1 m3)
0
Magneton
Bohr μ = eh–(cid:2)2m 9.274 01 10–24 J T–1
nuclear μB = eh–(cid:2)2me 5.050 78 10–27 J T–1
N p
g value of the electron g 2.002 32
e
Bohr radius a = 4pe h–2(cid:2)me2 5.291 77 10–11 m
0 0 e
Rydberg constant R = me4(cid:2)8h3ce2 1.097 37 105 cm–1
e 0
Standard acceleration of free fall g 9.806 65* m s–2
*Exact value
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934074
Elements of Physical Chemistry, Fifth Edition
© 2009 by Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula
All rights reserved
ISBN-13: 978–1–4292–1813–9
ISBN-10: 1–4292–1813–9
Published in Great Britain by Oxford University Press
This edition has been authorized by Oxford University Press for sale in the
United States and Canada only and not for export therefrom.
First printing
W. H. Freeman and Company
41 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10010
www.whfreeman.com
Elements
Of Physical Chemistry
Peter Atkins
University of Oxford
Julio De Paula
Lewis & Clark College
Fifth edition
W. H. Freeman and
Company New York
This page intentionally left blank
About the book
We pay particular attention to the needs of the student, and provide many pedagogical features to make the
learning process more enjoyable and effective. This section reviews these features. Paramount among them,
though, is something that pervades the entire text: we try throughout to interpret the mathematical expres-
sions, for mathematics is a language, and it is crucially important to be able to recognize what it is seeking to
convey. We pay particular attention to the level at which we introduce information, the possibility of progres-
sively deepening one’s understanding, and providing background information to support the development in
the text. We are also very alert to the demands associated with problem solving, and provide a variety of help-
ful procedures.
Organizing the information Molecular Interpretation
icons Ionf optehrefer cwt ogradss ,a tth ae ignitveernn atle emnpeergrayt uorf ea issa mindpele-
pendent of the volume it occupies. We can
understand this independence by realizing
that when a perfect gas expands isothermally the only
feature that changes is the average distance between the
Checklist of key ideas menoelregcyu rleesm; tahineisr tahvee sraagmee s. pHeoewde avnedr ,t ahse rtehfeorree a troet anlo k iinnetetirc-
Although thermo-dynamics mof otlheec ualvaer riangteer asectpioarnast,i othne, stoo ttahle e innetergrnya ils einnedregpye nisd uenn-t
Checklist of key ideas changed by expansion.
We summarize the principal is a self-contained subject,
concepts introduced in each Y(cid:2)ou1 shPohuylsdic naol wc hbeem faimstrilyia ri sw itthhe t hber faonlclohw oinfg c choenmceispttrsy. it is greatly enriched when ECxaalcmulpaltein 2g.2 the change in internal energy
chapter as a checklist at the tcohhfa eptmh eyisssttiarcysb laiisnnh det etshr mea nlsad no gdf uetavhgeeel o uopnfs dm tehareltyh iepnmrgin acctoiicpnslce.esp otsf its concepts are explained Nhthuuemtrrmiatinoo dnbyiosntdasym aaircne d ‘is nwytseetre ecmsatn’e. dCc oiannl ostrhiidmee eur tsoeeur sro fho awevnnee rbbgoeyde byn y ac tsoh nea-
end of the chapter. We sug- (cid:2)(cid:2)23TWhoer ks taist edso onfe m wahtteenr aar eb ogdays, ilsiq muiodv, eadn da gsoaliinds.t an in terms of atoms and mol- s(tnhtroeun ccdtoeeusdrt srtuehc aottif v ceaalnyn ! e)a xtcphceeorirmim nmeento tde asntoeemr gaey o poneuerts pdouonte . tsSo u 6mp2p2eo akssJeu orienf
opposing force. work on an exercise bicycle and loses 82 kJ of energy as
gest checking off the box that (cid:2)4Energy is the capacity to do work. (cid:2) ecules. hsoenat?. DWishraetg aisr dt haen yc hmaantgteer ilno sinst beyrn pael resnpeirragtyio onf. the per-
(cid:2)5The contributions to the energy of matter are the StrategyThisexampleisanexerciseinkeepingtrackof
precedes each entry when you kpionteetnicti eanl eenrgeyrg (yth (eth een eenrgeyrg dyu deu teo tmo optoiosnit)i oann)d. the This icon indicates
(cid:2)6The total energy of an isolated system is con-
feel confi dent about the topic. served, but kinetic and potential energy may be where we are introducing a molecular
interchanged.
interpretation.
TTable of key equations To see more precisely what is involved in specify- NNotes on good practice
ing the state of a substance, we need to define the
terms we have used. The mass,m, of a sample is a
measure of the quantity of matter it contains. Thus,
Table of key equations WWe summarize the most 2 kg of lead contains twice as much matter as 1 kg of SScience is a precise activity
lead and indeed twice as much matter as 1 kg of any-
The following table summarizes the equations that have been deve iimmportant equations intro- tish itnhge. kTilhoeg rSaymstè(mkge) ,I nwtietrhn a1t ikogn aclu r(rSeIn) tulyn idt eofifn emda asss aand its language should be
PPPreaorrtfpieaecl rtpt gyreasss luarwe EppVJq=u=axntJiRpoTn dcdchhueccekdl iisnt ethacaht fcohlalopwtesr tahse a taligaehlrnlbeaot om ymrt saop at( rogsuesr)ss ,ye eow-r svfaih ze eaedsrd mea c s1taea rl Sklmteaègrpvi n=rlue e1snsb ,0il itot3o cauigsknt. sduiod sfute o apP llelayaxr tipmisnr.o euFsrmsoe –rmc iotrayindspvsiiue cniman-l ufufeesaetdu raec ctou rhaetelply e. nWcoe uursaeg teh is
Dalton’s law p=pA+pB+... A note on good practiceBe sure to distinguish mass and
Virial equation of state p=(nRT/V)(1+nB/V+ cchhapter’s Table of key ideas. windeeigphetn. dMeanst s oisf alo mcaetiaosnu.r eW oef igthhet qisu atnhteit yf oorfc me aettxeerr,t eadn db isy tthhe use of the language and
Mean free path, speed, and c=lz an object, and depends on the pull of gravity. An astronaut
collision frequency has a different weight on the Earth and the Moon, but the
van der Waals equation of state p=nRT/(V−nb)−a(n/V WWhen appropriate, we same mass. pprocedures of science in
f Thevolume,V, of a sample is the amount of
Maxwell distribution of speeds F(s)=4p⎛⎝⎜⎜2pMRT⎞⎠⎟⎟3/2s2e ddescribe the physical condi- TtVhhr=ee 1eu-0dn0iimtcsme nu3ssiiefo dtnh aetlo ss apemaxcppelr eei sto sco ccvucopuluipemise s1e. 0 (T0whchumisc,3h wo fien s cpwlaurcidteee. ccoonformity to international
ttiions under which an equa- cubic metres, m3; cubic decimetres, dm3, or litres, L; ppractice (as specifi ed by
millilitres, mL), and units and symbols in general, are
ttiion applies. IIUUPAC, the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and to help
avoid common mistakes.
Boxes
Box 11.2Explosions
Where appropriate, we sepa-
Aratteh ewrmitha lt eemxpploesraiotunr ies. dIfu teh eto e tnheer grayp riedl einacsreeda sine aonf erexaocthtieorn- Derivations
rate the principles from their msoyfi sctt hreeema c rrtaiistoeen s cr, eaasnnundlo ttsth eeisn rce aaap ceftai,o stnhte egr o teerimss efpa esortfae trtu.e rTmeh opefe atrchacetue rrleeear,ac ttaiiononnd FcVaimgno.nl 1=o.t143 6pperWn3eahtperpantr eotw aicnoht o me aoac lehscp uohlteehrsee,r ,e oatfhc ehra codefiu nrsat rde2iu rosfa rnoadnn etd h ovefor etluhfomermee
applications: the principles scoh atihne-b rraenacchtiionng geoxepslo seivoennm faasyt oecr.c..ucr awtahsetnro tphheircea lalyre f acshta.i nA- On fi rst reading it might be volume 8Vmolsurrounding the other molecule.
branching steps in a reaction, for then the number of chain
carriers grows exponentially and the rate of reaction may s
are constant; the applications cascade into an explosion. suffi cient simply to appreci-
come and go as the subject a2ren HaAisc2nmOti oe( ignxs)a .vb mAeelrpttywhl ecoe ouoemgfn hb ph otlehythdxe r atnoynegpdtee rhnsea aaoscnf tn deioo xontp x yilsyoe gstv eiebonreny,e is2nsi mHfpur2plo(llygev )i,ed +tlehuOdec i 2dmb(ayget )tech→dhe.- ate the ’bottom line’ rather ) DTvaheneri vdmaeotri loWanra v1ao.l1slu emqeu aotfi oan gas described by the
pohrnooewg i rnteh seesa epcshr.i nTcchhiaepp lBeteso rxd, eeshsv,eo alwobp oeudt IcTetahx isrpIPern lik roeiotntsriwpaosioatw oiignon na.ncb ttl:riuhoadannetc: a h· HcinH··H·h(HO,gO 22a·· Oi+2++n+s)· ··t··r,(He(O e+O·OpOa2H·22csH→H))t ··→i,co+→→ ·aanOM·nn H·i·sHd OO →l +ie··nH+Oa+vH··d2+oHH2·H OlOv·O tO.(eoH bS2dH r o+a(,ab nma Mrnccaedhhn* iasctnhithngeai-)nptb gtsrha) aenr cechh:ianign Trhaptptc tdchaealv neexl woppormerskes nitohtn roo.f Hu ag ohmw daetevhteaerim,l eadt i- ndeef TsmTt8hhhhVoioseeml we rovvelceoosfcuol luuulrlteemmeh.s ,aT e etoth,h f oeoe trfh r a ve ea4dox Vislcuucpmlslmuoho drlseee,eec r audeeslne x tvo, dc ofsd l uvloruisoad mbtdleuaide≈num cspi4see eVR 43 rVm poimmsof(l2o eo43lcretlupwc)el3ueRclNoe=u3 A=.l8eh .F43 ×aiisprg(d 43uro-p3rsne,rp e i3hs1-)h e.,21 aorr6elrf.
in the chapter are currently mathematical development is e- froSmo pfa=r, ntRheT /pVertfoect gas equation of state changes
being applied in a variety of modern contexts, an intrinsic part of physical et, p=VnR−Tnb
g This equation of state—it is not yet the full van der
especially biology and materials science. chemistry, and to achieve full ne Wpualsailosn esq auraet iiomnp—orsthaonut.l dN doetsec trhibaet wa hgeans itnh ew phriecshs urree-
il th l il d ithth l
vi ABOUT THE BOOK
understanding it is important to see how a particu- Visualizing the information
lar expression is obtained. The Derivations let you
acudrjuresnt tt hnee eledvse, la onfd d metaakile t ihta eta ysoieur rtoeq rueivriee wto myoauterr ial. Artwork Temperature
All the calculus in the book is confi ned within these In many instances, a concept
Derivations. is easier to understand if it is Easn ehregayt
presented in visual, as well as
Fig. 2.14The loss of energy into the surroundings can be
written, form. Every piece of dperotecectsesd p broyc neoetdinsg. whether the temperature changes as the
FFurther information
artwork in this new edition
Further information 1.1 One way to measure the energy transferred as heat
Kinetic molecular theory IInn some cases, we have has been carefully rendered icincoa nals ppisrrtooscc oeefss ssa oicsco tcnout ruasisneae art chinae lrwomrhioimcmhee ttetherer( Fraeinga.cd t2ia.o1ns4u o)r,rr w opuhhniycdsh-
Oabnilei tyo ft ot htue rne sssiemntpilael, qskuialllsit aotfiv ea idpehayss iicnatlo crhigeimd,i stte sitsa bthlee, jjuudged that a derivation is in full colour, to help you
quantitative theories. The kinetic model of gases is an
esextc oelulet nint etxhaem tepxlet aonf dth tius rtnecs htnhieqmu ei,n atos ipt rteackieses tehxep creosnscioepntss. ttooo long, too detailed, or master the concepts presented.
As usual in model building, there are a number of steps, but
elyaicnhg opnhey issi cmalo ptiivcatuterde, biny ath cilse acar saep ap rsewciaartmio no fo mf tahses upnodinerts- ttooo different in level for it
in ceaseless random motion. The key quantitative ingredi-
ents we need are the equations of classical mechanics. So
we begin with a brief review of velocity, momentum, and ttoo be included in the text. In
NeTwhteo nve’sl osceictoyn, dv, l aisw a ovfe mctoorti,o an q.uantity with both magni- Living Graphs
tude and direction. The magnitude of the velocity vector is tthhese cases, the derivations
ztvh-za,e x aserpsee, etdhre,e s vpc,o egcmitvipveoneln ybe yn( tvFsi =go.(f v 1tx2h.2+e0 vv)ey2. c+Ttovhrz2e )a 1lm/o2,na wggn htihetruee d xve-x ,,oyvf-y ,,e aaanncddh aare found less obtrusively at IInn some cases, the trends
mwceoxiomatmhmpemponlnaeteu,gnmnt|iv,,t uxipt|d,s e omvfpae ala=u npesma wrvtthiictehNl eo emouwfta tmgaon nasi’sitsgsu ndsm,ee c iiosso ndtfdh eevnl xaov.wet ecTdtoo hf|re. m. p.l|oi.=n tFimeooanvrr tthhe end of the chapter. Number of molecules Lteomwperature High oatoatee rgr pprarrepothp w earhrteiee n sd tpihfrfiee c sguernlatt pteohd iiinsn -
temperature
vviewed as a static fi gure. In
Speed
Mathematics support Fig. 1.8The Maxwell distribution of speeds and its variation ssuuch cases, a dynamic Liv-
with the temperature. Note the broadening of the distribution
and the shift of the rms speed to higher values as the tem-
perature is increased. iinng graph is available in the
itnhtee rmAocltaivr imtyas(as) cPolonts dtaifnfet raetn t1 d0i0s tgri bmutoiol−n1sa bnyd kveaerpyiinngg
t(bh)e Utesme pmeraatthuerme aotfi ctahle ssoafmtwpalere b oert wtheee nL 2iv0in0g K garnadp h20a0p0p leKt. eeBBook version of the text.
Bubbles forfo mmo tlheecu tleexst w’s itwhe sbp eseitdes t oin ethvael uraanteg en 1u0m0e mric sa−ll1yt toh 2e0 f0ra mct iso−n1
at 300 K and 1000 K. (c) Based on your observations, provide AALiving graph can be used
sea level, given that 100.0g of a2ir c2onsists of 75.y5 g of a molecular interpretation of temperature.
You often need to know how iNn2g, e2a3c.2h gm oafs Os t2o, aannd a 1m.3o ugn otf i nA rm. Holienst:.Begin by convert- ttoo explore how a property
[Answer:0.780, 0.210, 0.009]
to develop a mathematical cchhanges as a variety of pa-
expression, but how do you theF opra rat iaml ipxrteusrseu roef opfe Jr fewcitt hg atshees ,c ownet rcibaunt iiodne ntthifayt rameters are changed.
J makes to the total pressure. Thus, if we introduce
go from one line to the next? p=nRT/Vinto eqn 1.7, we get The fi gures in the book with associated Living
A green ‘bubble’ is a little pJ = xpJp= n=R Tx/VJ ×nRVT=nnxJJ×RVT=nJ×RVT graphs are fl agged with icons in the fi gure legends as
Definition
rtieomni nudseedr ,a tbhoeu atp tphreo sxuibmsatittiuo-n f TinTsJh htoaehf te v Ji as pw,l urtoeheus eosl udpf r aneerxJ tRoeiarfTlt /JpiV nrue tissshes eduth roieetn hop eDfrr eJwas alsitusso erdn eee’ smfit hnlpaaettwdy a ,bc noyp anreomtqavnoiin du1een.rd7t. shown here.
all the gases in the mixture behave perfectly. If the
made, the terms that have geqasne s1 a.7r,e froera lt,h tahte idr epfianrittiiaoln p raepspsulireess taor ea lslt iglla gseivse, na nbdy
the sum of these partial pressures is the total pres-
been assumed constant, and sure (because the sum of all the mole fractions is 1); Thermocouples
Animations
so on. A red ‘bubble’ is a Sample Reference
reminder of the signifi cance of an individual term in In some cases, it is diffi cult
an expression. to communicate a dynamic Heaters
A differential scanning calorimeter. The sample and a refer-
process in a static fi gure. In epnarctem emnattse. rTiahle a oreu tphueta itse tdh ein d isffeepraernactee ibnu pto wideenr tniceaeld ceodm to-
maintain the compartments at equal temperatures as the
tArha tebe r racietoefn cscotoanmnsttm aonfet ntohtfe a Tc hgoreBrornueegsrphakolo rfnu[oBdtr iw]tnhgais rrd ec rhveeaaprcstteeio r rnwe aaecn tdwio krnit′r.e fWo krr htfheoenr AA brief comment svuercshi oinnsst aonf cseesle, catnedim aarttewdo rk temperaturSinee treeisr aaencst. iavnei mebaoteodk .version of this figure in the AiaC
rtfehoserwpreea cradtrie va esnledyv. reervael srsteep rsa tae, bc,o .n.s. tiann at sm keac,hkab,n .is.m.a,n wd ek wa′,rkitb′e, t.h..e, AA topic often needs to draw are available in the eBook
For instance, we could envisage this scheme as the oon a mathematical proce- version of the text. Where
interconversion of coiled (A) and uncoiled (B) DNA
emnoclee couf lietss. rTathees noeft froartme aotfi ofonr amnadt idoenc oomf Bp,o tshitei odnif,f eisr- ddure or a concept of physics; animated versions of fi gures are available, these are
Net rate of formation ofB =kr[A]−k′r[B] AA brief comment is a quick fl agged in the text as shown below.
When the reaction has reached equilibrium the
cthoenrcee nistr antoio nnse to ff oArm aantdio Bn aorfe e[iAth]eeqr asnudb s[tBa]neqcea. nIdt rreeminder of the procedure
follows that
kr[A]eq=k′r[B]eq oor concept.
dh f h h ilibi f h
ABOUT THE BOOK vii
Problem solving Discussion questions
Questions and exercises
Discussion questions
The end-of-chapter mate- 2.1Discuss the statement that a system and its surround-
A brief illustration same mass. ibnogusn daarery dthisattin sgeupisahraetde sb tyh esmpe.cifying the properties of the
Thevolume,V, of a sample is the amount of rial starts with a short set of 2.2What is (a) temperature, (b) heat, (c) energy?
A brief illustration is a short TtVhhr=ee 1eu-0dn0iimtcsme nu3ssiiefo dtnh aetlo ss apemaxcppelr eei sto sco ccvucopuluipemise s1e. 0 (T0whchumisc,3h wo fien s cpwlaurcidteee. questions that are intended 22..34PArroev tidhee mlawol eocfu claorn insetervrparteiotnat ioofn esn feorrg wyoinrk daynnda hmeiacts. and
cubic metres, m3; cubic decimetres, dm3, or litres, L; the First Law of thermodynamics identical?
example of how to use an mreivlileilwitreeds ,i nm ALp),p aenndd iuxn 1it.s and symbols in general, are to encourage refl ection on the 2co.5nsEtaxnptla pinre tshseu rdeif afenrde wncoer kb oeft wreeveenrs eibxlpea enxspioann swioonr ka nadg athinesirt
eitniqctuuraolatdiro,u wnce etdh s aihnto htwhae sh tjoeuwxstt . tb oIen ue pnsea r- sdco1Atooiafe.rm 0 sb1fc10iep0unr.0 il0b×iyet10 ii cc1fo0 r m ×e0n0idlp− le3(11uclicani0msdsic −m tmtte43hrh eai3mte=s.tht rsi3cee1o.aa s0fmnTs r0(eaole ic, t( drt1aB1eioso00es n−−oct)12, hna oumeudefss sm e)teee.hx ) Te13p1s,h ri cumceuwmnmsspihs,t l = ieet=c(osd h11u u c 0a0ncios−s−ih1tn 21 tvdacm0hesom0er ,n c t ,(av 1sm1i ena0v0)r m−o ws02bli ueoyhmcm n imcia)ts3ehss3,, mbtaraiontaeedrdie abrl y ca osnondlt vetixont gv t ihneawunm i ites ir noic baa- l (c2ep2eco..nrx)67onpeCcsrrESeepge,ssxpmyqssp eua−.ilcoaeniCnifndnyscV t,:etmh ahse(ne=.a d )cR d hq.ieaffnxe=pgrleean niinRnc Te et hnblneteh( tVawliflmp/eVyeii t)noa; t fi (toabhn )ecs hD ceHohmfa ni=ctghaelDe o Uinrf o pi+lnhlotywepsrDiincnVaag;ll
data and how to manipulate tinemtTrophdeer uoacttthuioerren ,p, arfoonprd e eravtmieenos uwthneot huoagfvh es utmhbeesynta tmniocaneye) dbn e(ep efrdae msmsiuloirareer, problems. EAsxseurmceis aell sgases are perfect unless stated otherwise.
units correctly. ffroorm us eev ienr yscdiaeyn clief.e, they need to be defined carefully 2th.1rouCgahlc (ual)a 1te.0 tchme 3,w (bo)r k1 .0d odnme3 abgya ian sgt aasn awtmheons piht eerixcp parnedss-
Exercises
WWorked examples
The core of testing understanding is the collection of
Example 2.2
Calculating the change in internal energy EEachWorked example has end-of-chapterExercises. At the end of the Exercises
Nutritionists are interested in the use of energy by the
human body and we can consider our own body as a
thermodynamic ‘system’. Calorimeters have been con- aaStrategy section to suggest you will fi nd a small collection of Projects that bring
structed that can accommodate a person to measure
(nondestructively!) their net energy output. Suppose in
the course of an experiment someone does 622 kJ of hhow to set up the problem together a lot of the foregoing material, may call for
work on an exercise bicycle and loses 82 kJ of energy as
heat. What is the change in internal energy of the per-
son? Disregard any matter loss by perspiration. ((aanother way might seem the use of calculus, and are typically based on mate-
StrategyThis example is an exercise in keeping track of
signs correctly. When energy is lost from the system, w
orqis negative. When energy is gained by the system, mmore natural: setting up rial introduced in the Boxes.
worqis positive.
S(6o2lu2t kioJn is Tloos tta bkye dnooitneg o wf othrke) saingdn sq w=e− 8w2r ikteJ (w82= k−J6 i2s 2lo ksJt pproblems is a highly per-
by heating the surroundings). Then eqn 2.8 gives us
DU=w+q=(−622 kJ) +(−82 kJ) =−704 kJ ssoonal business) and use or
We see that the person’s internal energy falls by 704 kJ.
Later, that energy will be restored by eating.
A note on good practiceAlways attach the correct fifi nd the necessary data. Then
signs: use a positive sign when there is a flow of energy
into the system and a negative sign when there is a flow
of energy out of the system. tthhere is the worked-out
Self-test 2.4 AAnswer, where we empha-
An electric battery is charged by supplying 250 kJ of
energy to it as electrical work (by driving an electric
current through it), but in the process it loses 25 kJ ssiize the importance of using
of energy as heat to the surroundings. What is the
change in internal energy of the battery?
[Answer:+225 kJ] uunits correctly.
Self-tests
EachWorked example has a Self-test with the an-
swer provided as a check that the procedure has
been mastered. There are also a number of free-
standingSelf-tests that are located where we thought
it a good idea to provide a question to check your
understanding. Think of Self-tests as in-chapter Ex-
ercises designed to help you monitor your progress.
The Book Companion Site
The Book Companion Site provides teaching and
learning resources to augment the printed book. It is
free of charge, complements the textbook, and offers
additional materials which can be downloaded. The
resources it provides are fully customizable and can
be incorporated into a virtual learning environment.
The Book Companion Site can be accessed by
visiting
http://www.whfreeman.com/elements5e
For students For lecturers
Answers to exercises Artwork
The fi nal answers to most end-of-chapter exercises A lecturer may wish to use the illustrations from
are available for you to check your work. this text in a lecture. Almost all the illustrations are
available in PowerPoint® format and can be used
for lectures without charge (but not for commercial
Web links
purposes without specifi c permission).
Links to a range of useful and relevant physical
chemistry web sites.
Tables of data
All the tables of data that appear in the chapter text
are available and may be used under the same condi-
tions as the illustrations.
On-line quizzing
New for this edition, on line quizzing available on
the book companion site offers multiple-choice
questions for use within a virtual learning environ-
ment, with feedback referred back to relevant sec-
tions of the book. This feature is a valuable tool for
either formative or summative assessment.