ebook img

Elements of Photogrammetry: With Applications in GIS PDF

663 Pages·2016·23.05 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Elements of Photogrammetry: With Applications in GIS

Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS . Paul R. Wolf, Ph.D Bon A. Dewitt, Ph.D. .Benjamin E. Wilkinson, Ph.D Fourth Edition New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-176111-6 MHID: 0-07-176111-X ® e-Book conversion by Cenveo Publisher Services Version 1.0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-176112-3, MHID: 0-07-176112-8. McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill Education from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill Education, or others, McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill Education’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Contents 1 Introduction 1-1 Definition of Photogrammetry 1-2 History of Photogrammetry 1-3 Types of Photographs 1-4 Taking Vertical Aerial Photographs 1-5 Existing Aerial Photography 1-6 Uses of Photogrammetry 1-7 Photogrammetry and Geographic Information Systems 1-8 Professional Photogrammetry Organizations References Problems 2 Principles of Photography and Imaging 2-1 Introduction 2-2 Fundamental Optics 2-3 Lenses 2-4 Single-Lens Camera 2-5 Illuminance 2-6 Relationship of Aperture and Shutter Speed 2-7 Characteristics of Photographic Emulsions 2-8 Processing and Printing Black-and-White Photographs 2-9 Spectral Sensitivity of Emulsions 2-10 Filters 2-11 Color Film 2-12 Digital Images 2-13 Color Image Representation 2-14 Digital Image Display References Problems 3 Cameras and Other Imaging Devices 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Metric Cameras for Aerial Mapping 3-3 Main Parts of Frame Aerial Cameras 3-4 Focal Plane and Fiducial Marks 3-5 Shutters 3-6 Camera Mounts 3-7 Camera Controls 3-8 Automatic Data Recording 3-9 Digital Mapping Cameras 3-10 Camera Calibration 3-11 Laboratory Methods of Camera Calibration 3-12 Stellar and Field Methods of Camera Calibration 3-13 Calibration of Nonmetric Cameras 3-14 Calibrating the Resolution of a Camera References Problems 4 Image Measurements and Refinements 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Coordinate Systems for Image Measurements 4-3 Simple Scales for Photographic Measurements 4-4 Measuring Photo Coordinates with Simple Scales 4-5 Comparator Measurement of Photo Coordinates 4-6 Photogrammetric Scanners 4-7 Refinement of Measured Image Coordinates 4-8 Distortions of Photographic Films and Papers 4-9 Image Plane Distortion 4-10 Reduction of Coordinates to an Origin at the Principal Point 4-11 Correction for Lens Distortions 4-12 Correction for Atmospheric Refraction 4-13 Correction for Earth Curvature 4-14 Measurement of Feature Positions and Edges References Problems 5 Object Space Coordinate Systems 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Concepts of Geodesy 5-3 Geodetic Coordinate System 5-4 Geocentric Coordinates 5-5 Local Vertical Coordinates 5-6 Map Projections 5-7 Horizontal and Vertical Datums References Problems 6 Vertical Photographs 6-1 Geometry of Vertical Photographs 6-2 Scale 6-3 Scale of a Vertical Photograph Over Flat Terrain 6-4 Scale of a Vertical Photograph Over Variable Terrain 6-5 Average Photo Scale 6-6 Other Methods of Determining Scale of Vertical Photographs 6-7 Ground Coordinates from a Vertical Photograph 6-8 Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph 6-9 Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph 6-10 Error Evaluation References Problems 7 Stereoscopic Viewing 7-1 Depth Perception 7-2 The Human Eye 7-3 Stereoscopic Depth Perception 7-4 Viewing Photographs Stereoscopically 7-5 Stereoscopes 7-6 The Use of Stereoscopes 7-7 Causes of Y Parallax 7-8 Vertical Exaggeration in Stereoviewing References Problems 8 Stereoscopic Parallax 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Photographic Flight-Line Axes for Parallax Measurement 8-3 Monoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement 8-4 Principle of the Floating Mark 8-5 Stereoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement 8-6 Parallax Equations 8-7 Elevations by Parallax Differences 8-8 Simplified Equation for Heights of Objects from Parallax Differences 8-9 Measurement of Parallax Differences 8-10 Computing Flying Height and Air Base 8-11 Error Evaluation References Problems 9 Elementary Methods of Planimetric Mapping for GIS 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Planimetric Mapping with Reflection Instruments 9-3 Georeferencing of Digital Imagery 9-4 Heads-Up Digitizing 9-5 Photomaps 9-6 Mosaics 9-7 Uncontrolled Digital Mosaics 9-8 Semicontrolled Digital Mosaics 9-9 Controlled Digital Mosaics References Problems 10 Tilted and Oblique Photographs 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Point Perspective 10-3 Angular Orientation in Tilt, Swing, and Azimuth 10-4 Auxiliary Tilted Photo Coordinate System 10-5 Scale of a Tilted Photograph 10-6 Relief Displacement on a Tilted Photograph 10-7 Determining the Angle of Inclination of the Camera Axis in Oblique Photography 10-8 Computing Horizontal and Vertical Angles from Oblique Photos 10-9 Angular Orientation in Omega-Phi-Kappa 10-10 Determining the Elements of Exterior Orientation 10-11 Rectification of Tilted Photographs 10-12 Correction for Relief of Ground Control Points Used in Rectification 10-13 Analytical Rectification 10-14 Optical-Mechanical Rectification 10-15 Digital Rectification 10-16 Atmospheric Refraction in Tilted Aerial Photographs References Problems 11 Introduction to Analytical Photogrammetry 11-1 Introduction 11-2 Image Measurements 11-3 Control Points 11-4 Collinearity Condition 11-5 Coplanarity Condition 11-6 Space Resection by Collinearity 11-7 Space Intersection by Collinearity 11-8 Analytical Stereomodel 11-9 Analytical Interior Orientation 11-10 Analytical Relative Orientation 11-11 Analytical Absolute Orientation References Problems 12 Stereoscopic Plotting Instruments 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Classification of Stereoscopic Plotters PART I DIRECT OPTICAL PROJECTION STEREOPLOTTERS 12-3 Components 12-4 Projection Systems 12-5 Viewing and Tracing Systems 12-6 Interior Orientation 12-7 Relative Orientation 12-8 Absolute Orientation PART II ANALYTICAL PLOTTERS 12-9 Introduction 12-10 System Components and Method of Operation 12-11 Analytical Plotter Orientation 12-12 Three-Dimensional Operation of Analytical Plotters 12-13 Modes of Use of Analytical Plotters PART III SOFTCOPY PLOTTERS 12-14 Introduction 12-15 System Hardware 12-16 Image Measurements 12-17 Orientation Procedures 12-18 Epipolar Geometry References Problems 13 Topographic Mapping and Spatial Data Collection 13-1 Introduction 13-2 Direct Compilation of Planimetric Features by Stereoplotter 13-3 Direct Compilation of Contours by Stereoplotter 13-4 Digitizing Planimetric Features from Stereomodels 13-5 Representing Topographic Features in Digital Mapping 13-6 Digital Elevation Models and Indirect Contouring 13-7 Automatic Production of Digital Elevation Models 13-8 Orthophoto Generation 13-9 Map Editing References Problems 14 Laser Scanning Systems 14-1 Introduction 14-2 Principles and Hardware 14-3 Airborne Laser Scanning 14-4 Terrestrial Laser Scanning 14-5 Laser Scan Data 14-5 Error Evaluation References Problems 15 Fundamental Principles of Digital Image Processing 15-1 Introduction 15-2 The Digital Image Model 15-3 Spatial Frequency of a Digital Image 15-4 Contrast Enhancement 15-5 Spectral Transformations 15-6 Moving Window Operations 15-7 Multiscale Representation 15-8 Digital Image Matching 15-9 Summary References Problems 16 Control for Aerial Photogrammetry 16-1 Introduction 16-2 Ground Control Images and Artificial Targets 16-3 Number and Location of Photo Control 16-4 Traditional Field Survey Methods for Establishing Horizontal and Vertical Control 16-5 Fundamentals of the Global Positioning System 16-6 Kinematic GPS Positioning 16-7 Inertial Navigation Systems 16-8 GPS-INS Integration References Problems 17 Aerotriangulation 17-1 Introduction 17-2 Pass Points for Aerotriangulation 17-3 Fundamentals of Semianalytical Aerotriangulation 17-4 Sequential Construction of a Strip Model from Independent Models 17-5 Adjustment of a Strip Model to Ground 17-6 Simultaneous Bundle Adjustment 17-7 Initial Approximations for the Bundle Adjustment 17-8 Bundle Adjustment with Airborne GPS Control 17-9 Interpretation of Bundle Adjustment Results 17-10 Aerotriangulation with Airborne Linear Array Sensors 17-11 Satellite Image Triangulation 17-12 Efficient Computational Strategies for Aerotriangulation References Problems 18 Project Planning 18-1 Introduction 18-2 Importance of Flight Planning 18-3 Photographic End Lap and Side Lap 18-4 Purpose of the Photography 18-5 Photo Scale 18-6 Flying Height 18-7 Ground Coverage 18-8 Weather Conditions 18-9 Season of the Year 18-10 Flight Map 18-11 Specifications 18-12 Cost Estimating and Scheduling References Problems 19 Terrestrial and Close-Range Photogrammetry 19-1 Introduction 19-2 Applications of Terrestrial and Close-Range Photogrammetry 19-3 Terrestrial Cameras 19-4 Matrix Equations for Analytical Self-Calibration 19-5 Initial Approximations for Least Squares Adjustment 19-6 Solution Approach for Self-Calibration Adjustment 19-7 Control for Terrestrial Photogrammetry 19-8 Analytical Self-Calibration Example 19-9 Planning for Close-Range Photogrammetry References Problems 20 Photogrammetric Applications in GIS 20-1 Introduction 20-2 Land and Property Management 20-3 Floodplain Rating 20-4 Water Quality Management 20-5 Wildlife Management 20-6 Environmental Monitoring 20-7 Wetland Analysis 20-8 Transportation 20-9 Multipurpose Land Information System 20-10 Summary References Problems A Units, Errors, Significant Figures, and Error Propagation B Introduction to Least Squares Adjustment C Coordinate Transformations D Development of Collinearity Condition Equations E Digital Resampling F Conversions Between Object Space Coordinate Systems Index

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.