Elements of International Law and Laws of War

398 Pages·2017·15.87 MB·English

by  Halleck, H[enry] W[ager]

ELE~IENTS
OF
,v

INTERNATIONAL LA
AND
LAWS ·oF ,vA R.

BY H: W., HALLECK, LL.D.,
MAJOR-GENF.RAI1 UNITED STATF.S AR}lY;
AUTHOR OF "ELEMENTS OF MIL.TT ARY ART AND SCIENCE," "MINING LAWS OF SPAIN AND ;.
MEXICO," ETC.
PREPARED FOR THE USE OF COLLEGES AND PRIVATE STUDENTS.
PHILADELPHIA

J, IL LIPPINCOTT & CO.

1866.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by

II. W. HALLECK,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
PREFACE.

Tms abridgment has been prepared at the suggestion of a number
of professors and instructors in our colleges and higher institutions of
learning. The experience of our officers, both volunteers and regulars,
in the great civil war which has just tcrm_inated, has proved that this
subject has been too much neglected, not only in our colleges, but also
in ~ two great national schools-the l\Iilitary and Naval Academies.
An attempt is here made to supply a suitable text-book for such
instruction.
The plan of the larger work has been closely followed, the chapters
are the same, and only a few of the paragraphs have been changed.
Therefore, the instructor or student who may desire to further investi­
gate any particular question, has only to turn to the corresponding chap­
ter and paragraph of the larger edition, and to refer to the authorities
there quoted. It should be remembered that these authorities are not
quoted in support of the author's opinions, but are often in conflict both
with those opinions and with each other.
In order to diminish the size and reduce the price of this abridgment
as much as possible, the author has omitted most of the discussions in
regard to the principles adopted, and also many of the historical illustra­
tions, leaving these to be supplied from the larger wo_rk, according to the
judgment of the teacher, and the opportunity of the student.
II. W. H.
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., .Vay, 1866.
3

. CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORICAL SKETCH,
PAGB
~ l. Division of the subject.................................................................... 17

?, 2. International law among the Jews...................................................... 18

1/ 3. Among the ancient Greeks and Romans.............................................. 18

1/ 4. The Jus Gentium of the Romans....................................................... 19

ii 5. .Introduction of Christianity............................................................. 19

11 6. Effects of the Fall of the Roman Empire............................................ 19

11 7. International Law during the dark a.ges............................................. 20

1! 8. Its origin in Modern Europe................................................. ........... 20

11 9. Effects of Papal Supremacy.............................................................. 21

11 10. Effects of the Reformation............................................................... 21

ii 11. Other causes of its advancement....................................................... 22

ii 12. The Rhodian Laws, etc.................................................................... 22

ii 13. The Consolato dcl Mare, etc.............................................................. 23

*11 14. Writers prior to Grotius................................................................... 23

*15. Writings of Grotius......................................................................... 23

*16. Political Events of this period .......................................................... 23

17. Questions agitated ........................................................................... 24

11 18. Writers following Grotius................................................................. 24

1! 19. Political Events of the period........................................................... 24

1! 20. Questions agitated................................................. ......................... 24

1! 21. Writings o_f publicists..................................................................... 24

ii 22. Political Events.............................................................................. 25

ii 23. Questions agitated................. .......... ............ ............... .................... 25

ii 24. Writings of publicists...................................................................... 25

-1! 25. Political Events.............................................................................. 25

1! 26. Questions agitated........................................................................... 26

11 27. Writings of publicists...................................................................... 26

1! 28. Judicial Decisions ...........................................................:............... 26

11 29. Political Events...................................................................... ....... 26

1! 30. Questions agitated........................................................................... 27

11 31. W1·itings of publicists..................................................................... 27

11 32. Political Events............................................................................... 27

l .,., v
CONTENTS.
VI
PAO.B
i! 33. Questions agitated.......................................................................... 28

i! 34. ·writings of publicists................................................ .. ................. 28

ii 35. Judicial Decisions................................................. ......................... 28

ii 36. Diplomatic Papers, etc................................ .................................... 28

CHAPTER II.
NATURE AND SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.
i! 1. Definition of International Lnw.................. ........................ ...... ......... 30

e
2. General Divisions........................................................................... 30

*
3. Divine or Natural Law.................................................................... 3l

ii 4. Its application to States.................................................................. 31

i! 5. The Positive Law of Nations............................................................ 31

/! 6. Relations between the Natural and Positive Law.................................. 31

ii 7. Conventional Law........................................................................... 32

i! 8. Customary Law.............................................................................. 32

i! 9. Customs bow far binding................................................................. 32

i! 10. Division by Vattcl......... ......... ............... ......................................... 32

i! 11. Objections to this........................................................................... 33

i! 12. Other Divisions............................................................... ............... 33

i! 13. Law not universal or immutable ........................................,............... 34

i! 14. Its rules obligatory ........................_................................................. 34

ii 15. Violations how punished.................................................................. 35

ii 16. Can a sovereign state be punished?................................................... 35

ii 17. General sources of International Law................................................ 35

e
18. The Divine Law............................................................................. 36

i! 19. Rather a test................................................................................. 36

ii 20. History as a Source........... .................................................. ......... 36

i! 21. The Roman Cid! Law......................................................... ........... 37

i! 22. Decisions of Prize Courts............................................. ................... 37

ii 23. Judgments of mixed Tribunals ..........................-............................... 37

/! 24. Ordinances and Commercial Laws .....................................'....... ......... 38

ii 25. Decisions of Local Courts................................................................ 38

/! 26. Text-writers ..........................................................:............_............ 38

i! 27. Reason of their authority............................................................".. 39

ii 28. Treaties and compacts..................................................................... 39

/! 29. Their effect on meaning of terms....................................................... 40

/! 30. Diplomatic papers........................................................................... 40

CHAPTER III.
SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES.
i! 1. A Sovereign State Defined................................................................ 42

i! 2. Distinguished from a nation or people................................................ 42

i! 3. A colony is a part of a state............................................................. 43

i! 4. Not itself a state............................................................................. 43
CONTENTS. vii

PAGE
ii 5. Sovereignty and dependence............................................................. 43

/i 6. Occasional obedience ..........................·.. ............. ...... ...... ...... .. .......... 43

*1 7. Feudal Vassalage........................................................................... 44

*8. These may affect sovereignty ...........................................,.... ........... 4•!

9. Effect of a protectorate.................................................................... 45

?. 10. Effect of a union of states............................................................... 45

/i II. A personal union............................................................................ 45

/i 12. A real union................................................................................... 46

/i 13. An incorporate union...................................................................... 46

ii 14. A Federal Union............................................................................. 46

/i 15. Confederated States......................................................................... 46

ii 16. A Composite State............................................................................ 47

ii 17. Semi-Sovereign States..................................................................... 47

/i IS. How Sovereignty is acquired............................................................ 48

/i 19. Identity not affected by internal changes............................................. 48

e
20. Effect of civil war........................................................................... 48

/i 21. When a new state may he recognized.................................................. 49

/i 22. Recognition by whom made.............................................................. 49

ii 23. State sovereignty, how lost............................................................... 49

/i 24. Changes in the government of a state................................................. 49

/i 25. Changes by internal revolution......,................................................... 49

~ 26. By dismemberment of a part............................................................ 50

T27. By division ........................................................: ........................... 50

ii 28. By incorporation............................................................................. 51

CHAPTER IV.
RIGHTS OF INDEPENDENCE AND SELF-PRESERVATION.
ii I. Independence_ of a Sovereign state..................................................... 52

ii 2. :May establish its own Government ..............................................,..... 52

?. 3. Choice of its own rulers.......................... ....... ......... .... .. ..... ... ... . ...... 52

/i 4. Grounds of pacific Interference .......7• ............ .................................... 53

/i 5. For self-security.............................................................................. 53

/i 6. This usually a mere excuse............................................................... 53

/i 7. Chateaubriand's views.................... ......... ........ ......... ......... ............. 5,t

/i 8. Under treaty stipulations.................................................................. 54

/i 9. On the pica of humanity.................................................................. 54

?. 10. By invitation of contending factions .......,.......................................... 54

/i 11. Arbitration between parties in a civil war............:............................... 65

?. 12. Right of arbitrator to enforce his decision.......................................... 55

/i 13. Independence in legislation and courts................................................ 55

/i 14. In rewards and punishments............................................................ 56

ii 15. Only within its own territory............................................................ 56

9. 16. Interference in cases of dependent states............................................. 56

/i 17. In case of confederated states........................................................... 56

3 18. Right of self-preservation............................................................... 57
vm CONTENTS.
PAGE
i/ 19. Means incident to this right.............................................................. 57

ii 20. May be limited by treaty.................................................................. 57

ii 21. By the rights of others.................................................................... 58

i! 22. Increase of army and navy............................................................... 58

ii 23. Of fortifications nod military schools.................................................. 58

ii 24. Extra:.territorial defense.................................................................. 59

ii 25. Violation of territorial rights............................................................ 59

CHAPTER V.
RIGHTS OF EQUALITY.
ii 1. Natural equality of states................................................................. 61

ii 2. Consequence in regard to rights......................................................... 61

ii 3. In regard to titles .............................. ...............r······· ......... ...... ...... 61

ii 4. Effect of custom and treaties............................................................ 61

ii 5. The Pope and Emperor of Germany.................................................... ·62

ii 6. Dignity of a state represented by its ruler.......................................... 62

ii 7. Difficulties between ministers............................................................. 63

i/ 8. Royal honors................................................................................. 63

ii 9. Emp;rors and kings........................................................................ 63

ii 10. Monarchical sovereigns.................................................................... 64

ii 11. Semi-sovereign and dependent states.................................................. 64

I/ 12. Republics....................................................................................... 64

ii 13. General rule of equality and precedence............................................. 64

ii 14. Usage of the Alternat.................. .................. ................................. 65

ii 15. Diplomatic language........................................................................ 66

i/ 16. Military a~1aritime ceremonial...................................................... 66

i/ 17. How regulated................................................................................ 67

ii 18. In the narrow seas.......................................................................... 67

I/ 19. I'!. foreign ports and on the high seas................................................. 67

I! 20. Treaty regulations.............................................................. ............ 68

ii 21. General rules of text-writers............................................................ 68

ii 22. Salutes between ships and forts.......................................................... 69

ii 23. Ships in foreign ports...................................................................... 70

ii 24. Regulations of U.S. Army and Navy................................................ 71

CHAPTER VI.
RIGHTS OF PROPERTY AND OF DOMAIN.
i/ 1. Sovereignty of a state..................................................................... 73

I/ 2. Prerogative.................................................................................... 73

i/ 3. Jura majestatis and regalia.............................................................. 73

I! 4. Property and domain....................................................................... 74

ii 5. Right of eminent domain................................................................. 74

i! 6. Right of a state to own property....,.................................................. 74

i/ 7. Modes of acquisition................................................................:...... 75
CONTENTS.
!..'(
PAG&
/! 8. Right of disposition of territory....................................................... 75

/! 9. Authority to make a valid transfer ......•.•................................•........•.. 75

/! 10. Patrimonial kingdoms..................................................................... 76

/! 11. Inhabitants of such kingdoms........................................................... 76

/! 12. Modern transfers............................................................................. 76

/! 13. Extent of maritime territory............................................................. 76

/! 14. Coasts and shores........................................................................... 77

/! 15. Islands........................ ... .. ....•. .... .. .................. ................... ........... 71

e
16. Principle of the king's chambers....................................................... 78

/! 17, Difficulties in its application............................................................. 78

/! 18. Claims to portions of the sea............................................................ 79

/! 19. Danish sound dues.......................................................................... 79

/! 20. Mare-clausum and mare-librum ...................................................,..... 80

/! 21. The Bia.ck Sea................................................................................ 80

/! 22. The great lakes and their outlets........................................................ 81

/! 23. Navigable rivers as boundaries.......................................................... 81

/! 2!. Changes in dividing rivers and lakes.................................................. 82

/! 25. Effects on boundaries....................................................................... 82

/! 26. Rivers passing through several states................................................. g;3

/! 27. Use of their banks.......................................................................... 83

/! 28. Right of innocent passage............................................................... 83

/! 29. Modified by compact........................................................................ 84

/! 30. The Rhine and other great rivers....................................................... 84

CHAPTER VII.
RIGHTS OF LEGISLATION AND JURISDICTION.
/! 1. Exclusive power of legislation.......................................................... 85

/! 2. Law of real property....................................................................... 85

/! 3. Law of personal property................................................................ 85

/! 4. Law of contracts............................................................................. 86

/! 5. Exceptions to the rule of comity....................................................... 86

i/ 6. Rule of judicial proceedings............................................................. 86

/! 7. Law of personal capacity and duty.................................................... 87

/! 8. Droit d'aubaine and droit de retraction................................................ 87

/! 9. Law of escheat................ ......... ........• ........•............ ............... ......... 88

/! 10. Foreign marriages........................................................................... 88

/! 11. Foreign divorces ............................................................................. 89

/! 12. Laws of trade and navigation........................................................... 8~

/! 13. Laws of bankruptcy........................................................................ 90

/! 14. Law of treason and other crimes....................................................... 90

?. 15. Judicial power of a state................................................................... 90

i/ 16. Jurisdiction with respect to actions.................................................... 91

I! 17, Of a state over its own citizens......................................................... 91

/! 18. Over alien residents........................................................................ 92

/! 19. Over real property........................................................................... 92

/! 20. Over personal property.................................................................... 9!!

B