Elements of industrial hazards : health, safety, environment and loss prevention

411 Pages·2011·6.803 MB·English

by  Ratan Raj Tatiya

Elements of Industrial Hazards
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Elements of Industrial
Hazards
Health, Safety, Environment and Loss
Prevention
Ratan Raj Tatiya
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CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tatiya, Ratan.
Elements of industrial hazards : health, safety, environment, and loss prevention / Ratan Raj Tatiya.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-415-88645-1 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-203-83612-5 (ebook)
1. Industrial safety. 2. Industrial accidents. I. Title.
T55.T296 2011
363.11– dc22
2010037681
ISBN: 978-0-415-88645-1 (Hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-83612-5 (eBook)
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To my Grandchildren Chavvi, Divya, Sambhav, Madhur, Aadesh,
Parag & Parshav.
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Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxv
Conversion tables xxvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction – industries & related issues 1
1.2 Industrialization – brief history 1
1.3 Current scenario 2
1.3.1 Population growth 2
1.3.2 Lifestyle 4
1.3.3 Globalization 5
1.3.4 Buyer’s market 6
1.3.5 Technological developments and renovations 6
1.3.6 Mineral production and consumption trends, and rapid
resources depletion 7
1.3.7 Information Technology (IT) and its impacts 7
1.4 Industrial (Occupational) Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) 8
1.4.1 Industry & environment 8
1.4.2 Industry & safety 8
1.5 Impact of industrialization on society 11
1.5.1 Mass balance system/equation 11
1.5.2 Damage due to industrialization 12
1.5.3 Birth of global issues 12
1.6 HSE – a critical business activity 12
1.7 Environmental policy 13
1.7.1 Sustainable development 13
1.7.2 Development of industrial technology 14
1.7.3 Education 14
1.7.4 The ultimate goal 15
Questions 15
References 16
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viii Contents
2 Ecology, environment, mineral resources & energy 19
2.1 Environment related issues 19
2.1.1 Ecology 19
2.1.1.1 Ecosystem 19
2.1.1.2 Classification – ecology 20
2.2 Earth’s great spheres 21
2.2.1 Biotic component of planet earth – biosphere 22
2.2.2 Natural cycles 22
2.2.2.1 Sulfur cycle 22
2.2.2.2 Nitrogen cycle 22
2.2.2.3 Carbon cycle 23
2.2.3 Solar energy’s contribution 25
2.3 Food – food chains – food webs 26
2.4 Abiotic 29
2.5 Population 31
2.5.1 Impacts of population growth 31
2.5.2 Human population – important aspects 31
2.6 Chemicals in motion: Cycles in the ecosphere 33
2.7 Minerals – the non-renewable resources and their use in energy,
goods and services production 34
2.7.1 As we know without power & energy, world is dark,
factories would come to halt, and services would be
jeopardized; but is it electricity or minerals? 34
2.8 Energy sources 36
2.8.1 Classification of energy sources 36
2.8.2 Green power and its purchasing options 37
2.8.3 Energy sources and their merits and limitations 38
2.8.4 Top 7 promising alternative energies 40
2.8.5 GDP, energy consumption patterns and CO emissions 40
2
2.8.6 Risk of CO emissions 44
2
2.8.7 Coal for energy security 45
2.8.8 Clean coal technology (CCT) 45
2.8.9 Carbon capture & storage (CCS) 46
2.8.10 Converting coal-to-oil 47
2.9 Energy crisis 47
2.9.1 Wayout/solution to the energy crisis 48
2.9.2 Energy efficient lighting tips 53
2.9.3 Energy conservation tips 54
2.9.4 Things to remember/way forward 55
Questions 55
References 56
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Contents ix
3 Air pollution 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Air pollution 59
3.2.1 Clean and dry air composition 60
3.2.2 Air pollutants 61
3.3 Air toxics 69
3.3.1 Units of measuring concentration 69
3.4 Air quality standards 69
3.4.1 The Air Quality Index (AQI) or Pollution Standard
Index (PSI) 70
3.4.2 Determination of Pollution Standard Index (PSI) value 73
3.4.3 Emission inventory estimation 74
3.5 Performance monitoring 74
3.5.1 Air pollutant receptors and adverse impacts 75
3.6 Global warming – the greenhouse effect 76
3.6.1 Greenhouse impacts 77
3.6.2 Changing climate 79
3.6.3 Calculation of CO emission from hydrocarbons 80
2
3.7 Acid rain 83
3.7.1 How acid rain is formed? 83
3.7.2 pH 85
3.7.3 Calculation related to acid rain 85
3.7.4 Adverse impacts of acid rain 86
3.8 Ozone gas & photochemical smog (PCS) 88
3.8.1 Ozone depletion process 90
3.9 Noise pollution 92
3.9.1 Noise sources 92
3.9.2 Industrial noise 92
3.9.3 Important relations for sound/noise measurement 93
3.9.4 Noise control techniques 94
3.9.5 Noise related calculations 94
3.9.6 Noise threshold limits 97
3.10 Vibrations 97
3.11 Dust 98
3.11.1 Conditions for dust to become nuisance 98
3.11.2 Factors affecting the degree of health risk 98
3.11.3 Physiological effects of dusts 99
3.11.4 Sources of dust 100
3.11.5 Control of dust 100
3.12 Particulate Matter (PM) 101
3.12.1 Grouping particulate matter 101
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3.13 Air samples 103
3.13.1 Gas detection techniques 103
3.14 Remedial measures 105
3.15 Concluding remarks 105
Questions 105
References 107
4 Water pollution 109
4.1 Introduction 109
4.1.1 Water cycle 110
4.2 Worldwide water resources – some facts 111
4.3 Water quality standards (WQS) 113
4.3.1 Water quality standards based on receiving
environment 114
4.4 Groundwater 117
4.4.1 Sources and routes for groundwater contamination 119
4.5 Water use 119
4.5.1 Industry 119
4.5.2 Mining 121
4.5.3 Agriculture 122
4.6 Water pollution (information taken from various sources) 123
4.6.1 Point sources of pollution 123
4.6.2 Non-point sources of pollution 123
4.6.3 Types of water pollutants 125
4.6.3.1 Biological agents 125
4.6.3.2 Toxic substances 126
4.6.3.3 Organic substances 126
4.6.3.4 Thermal pollution (increase in temperature) 126
4.6.4 Natural pollution 126
4.6.4.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 127
4.6.4.2 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 127
4.6.4.3 Hardness 127
4.6.4.4 Acidity 127
4.6.4.5 Alkalinity 128
4.6.4.6 Colors 128
4.6.4.7 Radioactive 128
4.6.4.8 Oils & petrochemicals 128
4.6.4.9 Red tide 128
4.7 Sewage 128
4.7.1 Suspended or sedimentary solids 129
4.7.2 Polluted municipality water 130
4.8 Marine pollution 130
4.9 Water in subsurface (underground) areas 131
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Contents xi
4.9.1 The main sources of water 132
4.9.2 Effects of subsurface water 132
4.10 Acid mine drainage 133
4.10.1 Chemistry 134
4.10.2 Yellow boy 134
4.11 Case study: Water pollution due to mining, petroleum products
handling and industrial activities 135
4.11.1 Study areas 135
4.11.1.1 Copper mining 135
4.11.1.2 Areas adjacent to the petroleum refinery,
PDO area and shell marketing area 135
4.11.1.3 Industrial area 137
4.11.2 Sample collection and preparation 137
4.11.2.1 Analysis 137
4.11.3 Observations 137
4.11.4 Inference drawn – physical and chemical properties 137
4.11.5 Heavy metal concentration 142
4.11.6 Conclusion 143
4.12 Bottled water 145
4.12.1 Bottled water – do we need it? Some facts 145
4.13 Concluding remarks 146
Questions 146
References 147
5 Solid industrial waste & land degradation 149
5.1 Introduction 149
5.2 Classification 150
5.2.1 Non-hazardous wastes 150
5.2.2 Hazardous wastes 150
5.3 The growth of waste 152
5.3.1 The waste problem 152
5.3.2 Lifestyle 153
5.4 Methods of waste disposal (information gathered from various
sources) 154
5.4.1 Source reduction 155
5.4.2 Reuse 156
5.4.3 Recycling of waste 156
5.4.3.1 Merits 156
5.4.3.2 Limitations 157
5.4.4 Treatment 158
5.4.4.1 Incineration 158
5.4.5 Responsible disposal 159
5.4.5.1 Landfill 159
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xii Contents
5.5 Land degradation due to industrial or domestic waste disposal 160
5.5.1 Land degradation 160
5.5.2 Soil degradation/pollution 161
5.6 Waste generation and its management in mining and excavation
(civil) industries – some basics 161
5.6.1 Surface excavations/mining 161
5.6.1.1 Open pit elements 162
5.6.1.2 Stripping ratio 162
5.6.2 Dumping site 166
5.7 Waste management in petroleum industry – a case study 168
5.7.1 Waste management 168
5.7.2 Waste in the petroleum industry 168
5.7.2.1 Audit 169
5.7.2.2 Waste management plan 169
5.7.2.3 Waste consignment note 170
5.7.3 Waste minimization 170
5.7.4 Inventory management 172
5.7.5 Improved operation 172
5.7.6 Material substitution 172
5.7.7 Equipment modifications 173
5.7.8 Waste reuse 173
5.7.9 Waste recycling 174
5.7.10 Waste treatment 174
5.7.11 Incineration 174
5.7.12 Waste disposal 175
5.8 Tips for reducing solid waste (as advised by EPA) 176
5.9 A classic example from Lord Buddha’s disciple as how to reuse!!!!! 176
5.10 Concluding remarks 177
Questions 177
References 178
6 Industrial hazards 179
6.1 Industrial hazards 179
6.1.1 List of hazards 180
6.1.2 Disaster 181
6.1.3 Health risk 181
6.2 Fires 181
6.2.1 The fire triangle concept 181
6.2.2 Concepts – mechanism of fire 182
6.2.3 Ignition sources of major fires 183
6.2.4 Classification of fires 184
6.2.5 Fire protection 184
6.2.6 Fire and emergency 186
6.2.7 Fixed fire fighting equipment 187
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