Elements and their Compounds in the Environment: Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance (3 Volume Set) PDF
Preview Elements and their Compounds in the Environment: Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance (3 Volume Set)
Elements and Their Compounds in the Environment Edited by E. Merian (†), M. Anke, M. Ihnat and M. Stoeppler ElementsandtheirCompoundsintheEnvironment.2ndEdition. EditedbyE.Merian,M.Anke,M.Ihnat,M.Stoeppler Copyright(cid:1)2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:3-527-30459-2 Related Titles Joachim N(cid:1)lte ICP Emission Spectrometry APracticalGuide ISBN:3-527-30672-2 2002,279pp Bernhard Welz, Michael Sperling Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ISBN:3-527-28571-7 1998,943pp Rita Cornelis, Joe Caruso, Helen Crews, Klaus Heumann (eds) Handbook of Elemental Speciation TechniquesandMethodology ISBN:0-471-49214-0 2003,670pp Markus Stoeppler, Wayne R. Wolf, Peter J. Jenks (eds) Reference Materials for Chemical Analysis Certification,Availability,andProperUsage ISBN:3-527-30162-3 200,322pp Elements and Their Compounds in the Environment Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition Edited by E. Merian (†), M. Anke, M. Ihnat and M. Stoeppler Editors: Thisbookwascarefullyproduced.Nevertheless, editors,authorsandpublisherdonotwarrantthe ManfredAnke informationcontainedthereintobefreeof AmSteiger12 errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat 07743Jena statements,dataillustrations,proceduraldetails Germany orotheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. MilanIhnat LibraryofCongressCardNo:appliedfor PacificAgri-FoodResearchCentre BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationData: AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefrom Summerland,BCV0HIZ0 theBritishLibrary. Canada Bibliographicinformationpublishedby MarkusStoeppler DieDeutscheBibliothek Mariengartenstrasse1a, DieDeutscheBibliothekliststhispublication 52428J(cid:2)lich intheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailed Germany bibliographicdataisavailableintheInternetat <http://dnb.ddb.de>. (cid:3)2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA, Weinheim Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslation intootherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmay bereproductedinanyform–byphotoprinting, microfilm,oranyothermeans–nortransmitted ortranslatedintomachinelanguagewithout writtenpermissionfromthepublishers.Regis- terednames,trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook, evenwhennotspecificallymarkedassuch,are nottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany Printedonacid-freepaper. Composition,PrintingandBookbinding: KonradTriltsch, PrintunddigitaleMedienGmbH Ochsenfurt-Hohestadt ISBN 3-527-30459-2 XXXI Editorial Board Prof.Dr.Dr.MarikaGeldmacher Prof.Dr.med.H.W.Schlipk(cid:1)ter vonMallinckrodt Auf’mHennekamp50 Schlehenstraße29 40225D(cid:2)sseldorf 91056Erlangen Germany Germany Dr.MathiasSeifert Prof.Dr.RobertF.M.Herber Hauptverbanddergewerbl. Tollenslaan16 BerufsgenossenschaftBGAG 03723DHBilthoven K(cid:1)nigsbr(cid:2)ckerLandstraße2 TheNetherlands 01109Dresden Germany B.Sc.PeterJ.Jenks NewhavenHouse Dr.F.WilliamSunderman,Jr JunctionRoad 270BarnesRoad Alderbury Whiting,VT05778-4411 WiltshireSP53AZ USA UnitedKingdom ElementsandtheirCompoundsintheEnvironment.2ndEdition. EditedbyE.Merian,M.Anke,M.Ihnat,M.Stoeppler Copyright(cid:3)2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:3-527-30459-2 V Preface This book is the third in an unique line of rather than a simple reprint of the book handbooks, initiated in the early 1980s by andthepublisherwasseekingforsomeone Ernest Merian in cooperation with several orsomegroupwhothatmightbewillingto of his colleagues leading in 1984 to a first produceanewedition.Dr.SteffenPauly,in book – MetalleinderUmwelt – published charge of the section of WILEY-VCH byVerlagChemie.Thedesignofthebook, responsible for a possible update of the which became fondly known as the ‘MERIAN’, participated in April 1997 in ’MERIAN’, was from the beginning highly the7thInternationalSymposiumonBiolog- appreciated for its clear organization excel- icalandEnvironmentalReferenceMaterials lently and interdisciplinary covering the (BERM-7) in Antwerp, Belgium. BERM-7 broad range from general information, was co-organized by Dr. Markus Stoeppler, basic elemental data, industrial uses, envi- who took part as an author in the German ronmental distribution to biological and Edition of the ‘MERIAN’ and as an author medicinal aspects. Since many readers and a member of the scientific advisory fromvariousscientificbranchescouldbene- boardfortheEnglishEditionaswell.Thus fitfromit,anupdatedandextendedEnglish it was natural that Dr. Pauly asked Dr. editiontitledMetalsandTheirCompounds Stoepplerhisopinionaboutanupdate.For- in the Environment followed relatively tunatelythereweretwoothercolleaguesat quicklyin1991.Itwasnotunexpectedthat the symposium, Prof. Manfred Anke, Ger- this edition sold very well over many years many, and Dr. Milan Ihnat, Canada, both untilitwentout-of-printin2001. very experienced as authors and editors of ErnestMerianpassedawayin1995atthe scientificpublicationsandalsoknowledgea- ageof75whiletravelingtooneofhismany ble with the subjects treated in the scientific conferences, but already realized MERIAN.Allthreehaveinadditionalong at that time the great success and admira- historyofco-operation. tion his work and particularly the volumi- Thus at Antwerp general agreement was nous English edition had received world- reached for a co-editorship of Anke, Ihnat wide. The book is frequently quoted in the and Stoeppler, followed by action by the literature as it has been accepted as a publisher to ask former members of the major multielement source handbook. Editorial Advisory Board and a few new Progress, in the intervening years, in onesfor participationandby theeditors to many scientific areas called for an update discuss a preliminary outline for the con- ElementsandtheirCompoundsintheEnvironment.2ndEdition. EditedbyE.Merian,M.Anke,M.Ihnat,M.Stoeppler Copyright(cid:1)2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:3-527-30459-2 VI Preface tent of the book. In the course of the pre- monitoring”. Part II discusses in ten chap- liminary planning phase, including the six ters “Effects of Elements in the Food members of the Editorial Advisory Board Chain and on Human Health” and ranges (threeformerandthreenew),itwasjointly from “Essential and Toxic Effects of Ele- decidedthatthecomprehensivecharacterof ments on Microorganisms” to “Ecogenet- the book could be significantly strength- ics”. Here several chapters are new or enedandthebasisoftheliteraturesources newlywrittenduetothesomewhatchanged increasedifnotonlymetalsandsomemet- generalconceptwithmoreemphasisonele- alloids previously covered, but also several mentessentiality. other metals and nonmetals that play ThesecondvolumecontainsPartIIIcov- important roles in industry, environment, eringallmetallicelements,withsomechap- medicine, nutrition and biota, namely terscarefullyupdatedand/orextendedand alkali metals, alkaline earths, nitrogen, others new (as e.g. Mercury and the Plati- sulfur, phosphorus and the halogens, were num-Group Elements) from the Alkali to be included as separate chapters. This MetalstoZirconiumin44chaptersofvary- was finally accepted by the publisher with ing length due to the elements’ individual a slightly changed title influencing the essential, eco-chemical and eco-toxicologi- length of the whole text, the organization calrelevance.Thechapterfollowingorgani- of the introductory and the analytical part zation, in order to maintain comparability as well. Subsequently the final working with the 1st edition and among chapters, phasestartedin2002. consists of seven sections with some free- This updated and significantly extended dom for the authors to add and organize 2nd edition of the’MERIAN’ is a tribute to subsections individually: 1) Introduction, Ernest Merian and therefore also bears his 2) Physical and Chemical Properties and name in the editorial lineup as the book Analytical Methods (the latter mainly as a constitutesacontinuationandsomebroad- subsection with more details for elements ening of his initial comprehensive concept forwhichchemicalspeciationisessential), that was not significantly changed by his 3) Sources, Production, Important Com- successors. This book, presented in three pounds, Uses, Waste Products and volumes, includes 81 chapters written by Recycling, 4) Distribution in the Environ- 83 experts from 20 countries around the ment, in Foods and Living Organisms, world, based on the available international 5) Uptake, Absorption, Transport and Dis- literature on approximately 1700 text tribution, Metabolism and Elimination in pages.Astheauthorscamefromverydiffer- Plants, Animals and Humans, 6) Effects ent research areas it was thus unavoidable (beneficial and/or adverse) on Plants, Ani- that their main interest often influences mals and Humans, 7) Hazard Evaluation thestyle,contentandgeneralfocusofindi- and Limiting Concentrations, 8) Complete vidualchapters. References using the Harvard (Name and The first volume is composed of two Date) System. The reference citation parts. Part I deals with Element Distribu- system, regrettablynotcontinuously found tion in the Environment and consists of inthe1stedition,hasbeen,asfaraspossi- twelvechaptersrangingfrom“Composition ble, followed in this edition for the benefit oftheEarth’sUpperCrust,NaturalCyclesof ofourreaders. Elements,NaturalResources”to“Fromthe The third volume contains Part IV with Biological System of the Elements to Bio- some important metalloids and nonmetals Preface VII fromBorontoTelluriumandallHalogens; inthefinalphaseofurgentmanuscriptcon- PartVdealswiththreechapters:Standards trol during proof reading, and Dipl.-Ing. and Regulations Regarding Metals and Karl-Heinz Schaller, for his steady advice TheirCompounds,AnalyticalChemistryof when detailed information on actual Element Determination (Non Nuclear and national and international limitvalues was Nuclear)andAnalyticalChemistryofSpeci- required.OurthanksgoalsotoDr.Steffen ation(Principles,Mainmethods).Thelatter Pauly at WILEY-VCH for his encourage- is a new contribution by an expert in this ment in the planning and realizing this area in order to emphasize the increasing book and his continuous involvement in importance of speciation for clarification alleditorialmatterconcerningthepublish- ofmanyelementalactions.PartVIcontains er’spart.WearehighlyindebtedtoDr.Wal- additionalinformationinaGlossary(Acro- traudW(cid:2)statWILEY-VCHforherinvalua- nyms, Abbreviations, Symbols and defini- ble help in all technicaland organizational tions),somegeneraltabulatedinformation, matterconcerningmanuscripts,corrections andanIndex. and daily advice. Without her active sup- Theeditorswishtothankallcontributing port, hard work, friendly attitude, and authorsfortheircarefulworkandforcom- always good ideas, the often critical dead- pliancewiththegeneral editorialconcepts, lineswouldneverhavebeensosuccessfully and publisher and their colleagues in the reached. The support of Institutional libra- editorial advisory board for their always riesandstaffthereinforassistancewithlit- quick and very helpful discussions and eratureverificationandacquisitionisgrate- expert advice. We thank in particular Prof. fullyacknowledged.Finallyweareindebted Dr. Marika Geldmacher von Mallinckrodt, toourfamiliesfortheirsupportandunder- Prof. Dr. Robert F.M. Herber and Dr. standing during this time-consuming Mathias Seifert for very effective support undertaking. Jena,Germany ManfredAnke Summerland,BritishColumbia,Canada MilanIhnat J(cid:2)lich,Germany MarkusStoeppler 2003December IX Contents Preface V Overview XXI List of Contributors XXIV Editoral Board XXXI Part I Element Distribution in the Environment 1 1 TheCompositionofEarth’sUpperCrust,NaturalCyclesofElements,Natural Resources 3 KarlHansWedepohl 1.1 FormationoftheEarth’sCrust 3 1.2 AlterationoftheEarth’sCrust 4 1.3 AverageAbundanceof25ElementsinSedimentary,MagmaticandMetamor- phicRockSpecies 7 1.4 ConcentrationandTransportof25ElementsinNaturalWaters 8 1.5 AverageAbundanceof25MetalsinNaturalRawMaterials 10 1.6 NaturalResources 12 1.7 ConcludingRemarks 14 2 ChemicalCompoundsintheAtmosphere 17 HansPuxbaumandAndreasLimbeck 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 SourcesofMetalCompoundsintheAtmosphere 17 2.3 AtmosphericOccurrence 20 2.4 SizeDistributionsofAtmosphericParticlesandTraceMetals 22 ElementsandtheirCompoundsintheEnvironment.2ndEdition. EditedbyE.Merian,M.Anke,M.Ihnat,M.Stoeppler Copyright(cid:1)2004WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:3-527-30459-2 X Contents 2.5 ChemicalSpeciation 25 2.6 Deposition(seealsoPartI,Chapter3) 28 2.7 HistoricalTrends 31 2.8 AtmosphericAerosolSamplingandAnalysis(forBiomonitoring,seePartI, Chapter12) 33 2.8.1 SamplingofAirborneParticleswithNotClassifyingMethods 33 2.8.2 SamplingwithClassifyingMethods 34 2.8.3 SpecialSamplingTechniques 34 2.8.4 DiffusionControlledSeparationofAerosols 34 2.8.5 BulkAnalysisoftheElements 34 2.8.6 Compound-pecificAnalysis 35 2.8.7 SingleParticleAnalysisandSurfaceCharacterizationofAirborneParticles 35 2.9 SourceAnalysis 36 3 DepositionofAcids,Elements,andtheirCompounds 47 H.J.Fiedler 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 TypesofAtmosphericDeposition 47 3.2.1 DryDeposition 48 3.2.2 OccultDeposition 48 3.2.3 WetandBulkDeposition 48 3.3 MethodsforMeasuringAtmosphericDepositioninForests 49 3.3.1 Throughfall 49 3.4 DepositionofElementsandtheirCompounds 50 3.4.1 DustDeposition 50 3.4.1.1 NaturalDusts 50 3.4.1.2 IndustrialDusts,DepositionofHeavyMetals 50 3.4.2 DepositionofAcidPollutants 51 3.4.2.1 SulfurDeposition 52 3.4.2.2 NitrogenDeposition 53 3.4.3 DepositionofAlkalizingSubstancesandBasic(Base)Cations 54 3.4.4 DepositionofSea-altParticlesandChlorideDeposition 55 3.5 DepositionandForestEcosystems 55 3.5.1 SiteandStandDependence 55 3.5.1.1 Elevation 55 3.5.1.2 Soils 55 3.5.1.3 Foreststands 56 3.5.2 ForestDecline 57 3.5.2.1 Effectsofpollutantcombinations 57 3.5.3 CriticalLevelsandLoads 57 3.5.3.1 Criticallevelsofsulfur 58
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