ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS DE PETROLOGÍA IGNEA

344 Pages·10.709 MB·Spanish

by  Alejandro José Toselli

ISSN 1514 - 4836
ISSN 1668 - 3242 en línea
INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CORRELACIÓN GEOLÓGICA
(INSUGEO)
Miscelanea 18
ELEMENTOS BASICOS DE
PETROLOGIA IGNEA
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Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo
6"*.$7#*,(,&'()*!"(+&,$&48)89:"
;("&<*08$+&,$&48)89:"
2009-2010
CONSEJO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES
CIENTIFICAS Y TECNICAS
Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica (INSUGEO)
Director: Dr. Florencio G. Aceñolaza
Director alterno:&B7C&=+$%(",7!&4!#$++*&
Editor: Dr. Florencio Gilberto Aceñolaza
Coordinador Editorial: Dr. Carlos A. Cónsole Gonella
Consejo Editor:
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Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica
Miguel Lillo 205 – San Miguel de Tucumán – República Argentina
ELEMENTOS BASICOS DE PETROLOGIA IGNEA
I
NDICE
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1. CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES
Introducción 15
7*/$7*!#&,$&)(9U! 15
7*/$7*!#&/$f/87(+$# 15
B$UX#*/!#&U*7!)+:#/*)!# 15
-"/$7U7$/()*X"&,$&+(#&7!)(#&10"$(# 16
@+&*"/$7*!7&,$&+(&4*$77( 16
?7*0$"&,$+&#*#/$9(&#!+(7&3&,$&+(&4*$77( 19
B*H$7$")*()*X"&,$&+(&4*$77( 21
k X9!&#$&R("&+!07(,!&$#/!#&)!"!)*9*$"/!#l 22
Meteoritos 23
I(7*()*!"$#&,$&U7$#*X"&3&/$9U$7(/87(&)!"&+(&U7!H8",*,(, 25
E7(,*$"/$#&,$&Q7$#*X" 26
E7(,*$"/$#&,$&4$9U$7(/87( Yi
2. CLASIFICACION Y NOMENCLATURA DE LAS ROCAS IGNEAS
Introducción 29
4579*"!#&)!9U!#*)*!"(+$# 29
Índice de color 30
+(#*2)()*X"&,$&+(&-6E; 30
J!)(#&H("$71/*)(# 31
'!9$")+(/87(&,$&+(&2087(&YSb&Dm=QN&U+8/X"*)(#F 32
4579*"!#&9!,*2)(/!7*!# 33
J!)(#&9:2)(#&3&8+/7(9:2)(# 34
'!9$")+(/87(&,$&+(&2087(&YS[&Dm=QN&.!+):"*)(#F 36
J!)(#&U*7!)+:#/*)(# 36
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@"&+(&"!79(& -Qe&D.$7&("$f!&-F 38
A(&)+(#*2)()*X"&4=; 38
!")$U/!&,$&#(/87()*X" 40
3. TEXTURAS
Introducción 43
4$f/87(#&U7*9(7*(#&D-"/$7())*X"&H8",*,!S)7*#/(+F 44
A80(7$#&U7$H$7$")*(+$#&,$&"8)+$(9*$"/! 49
J$())*X"&3&7$#!7)*X"&9(09:/*)( 52
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4$f/87(#&)898+:/*)(# 53
<()+(#&U7*9(7*(# 54
N:M7*)(#&.!+):"*)(# 54
N:M7*)(#&U*7!)+:#/*)(# [i
4$f/87(#&#$)8",(7*(#&D)(9M*!#&U!#/9(09:/*)!#F 58
47("#H!79()*!"$#&U!+*9X72)(# 59
Maclas secundarias 60
J$())*!"$#&#$)8",(7*(#&3&,$&7$$9U+(P! 61
B$H!79()*X" 63
4. PROCESOS VOLCÁNICOS
Introducción 65
I8+)("*#9!&L(T(*("!&!&$"&@#)8,! 66
I8+)("*#9!&@#/7!9M!+*("! ni
I8+)("*#9!&I8+)("*("! ni
I8+)("*#9!&Q$+$("! 68
I8+)("*#9!&Q+*"*("! 69
!9U!7/(9*$"/!&,$+&9(/$7*(+&$3$)/(,! 69
A(.(#&U(R!$R!$&!&)!7,(,(# 69
Lavas AA o escoriaceas iZ
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Caidas de cenizas in
Flujos de cenizas ii
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Calderas 83
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?7*0$"&,$&+!#&9(09(# oi
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5. CUERPOS INTRUSIVOS O PLUTONICOS
Introducción 91
8$7U!#&+(9*"(7$# 91
8$7U!#&0+!M!#!# 94
J$+()*!"$#&,$&)!"/()/!&,$&+!#&U+8/!"$# 95
4*$9U!&,$&*"/78#*X" hi
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-"3$))*!"$#&9_+/*U+$#&3&U+8/!"$#&P!"(,!# 100
A!#&U7!)$#!#&,$&(#)$"#!&,$+&9(09(&3&$9U+(P(9*$"/!&3&$+&U7!M+$9(&,$+&$#U()*! 100
6. REGLA DE LAS FASES: SISTEMAS DE UNO Y DOS COMPONENTES
Introducción 103
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+(#*2)()*X"&,$&+!#&#*#/$9(# 106
;*#/$9(#&,$&8"&#!+!&)!9U!"$"/$ 106
Fusión Congruente 106
;*#/$9(&;1+*)$ bZi
Fusión incongruente 108
;*#/$9(#&,$&,!#&)!9U!"$"/$# 109
;*#/$9(#&,$&/*U!&$8/5)/*)! 109
;*#/$9(&,*XU#*,!S("!7/*/( 109
N8#*X"&$"&$`8*+*M7*! 111
7*#/(+*P()*X"&H7())*!"(,( 111
N8#*X"&U(7)*(+&$"&$`8*+*M7*! 111
B*#!+8)*X"&#X+*,(&)!9U+$/( 112
;*#/$9(&,$&+(#&U+(0*!)+(#(# 112
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;*#/$9(&H!7#/$7*/(SH(3(+*/( 114
Fusión incongruente 115
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;*#/$9(&N!7#/$7*/(S#1+*)$ 115
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B$#9$P)+(&,$&,*#!+8)*!"$#&#X+*,(# 118
;*#/$9(&,$&+!#&H$+,$#U(/!#&(+)(+*"!# 118
7. SISTEMAS DE TRES COMPONENTES
Introducción 123
;*#/$9(#&$8/5)/*)!#&/$7"(7*!#&D="!7/*/(SN!7#/$7*/(SB*XU#*,!F 123
7*#/(+*P()*X"&H7())*!"(,( 124
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N8#*X"&U(7)*(+ 125
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;*#/$9(#&)!"&9:#&,$&/7$#&)!9U!"$"/$#&D=+M*/(S="!7/*/(SB*XU#*,!SN!7#/$7*/(F 129
Series de reacción 130
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@H$)/!#&,$+&("R1,7*,!&)(7MX"*)! 139
!9U!"$"/$#&.!+:/*+$# 140
8. PETROLOGÍA QUÍMICA: ELEMENTOS MAYORES Y MENORES
Introducción 143
<*"$7(+$#&"!79(/*.!#C 144
B*(07(9(#&,$&.(7*()*X" 146
Q7!3$))*!"$#&M*.(7*("/$#C 146
q",*)$&,$&,*H$7$")*()*X"&D4R!7"/!"&3&48//+$F 149
q",*)$&,$&)7*#/(+*P()*X"&DQ!+,$.((7/&3&Q(7r$7F 150
!9$"/(7*!# 151
B*(07(9(&/7*:"08+(7&=N<C 152
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<!,$+!#&07:2)!#&3&9(/$9:/*)!#&,$&$.!+8)*X"&9(09:/*)( 154
;$7*$#&,$&9(09(# 158
9. PETROLOGIA QUIMICA II: ELEMENTOS TRAZAS E ISOTOPOS
Introducción 165
B*#/7*M8)*X"&,$&+!#&$+$9$"/!# 165
<!,$+!#&,$&U7!)$#!#&#X+*,!SH8",*,! 168
K(O!&,$&H8#*X" 168
N7())*!"(9*$"/!&J(3+$*0R 169
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-#X/!U!#&,$&;(9(7*!&3&'$!,*9*! 180
;*#/$9(#&67("*!G&4!7*!&3&Q+!9! 182
;*#/$9(&A8/$)*!&3&L(H"*! 184
;*#/$9(&,$&J$"*!&3&?#9*! 185
10. MAGMAS
Introducción boi
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Q7!U*$,(,$#&H1#*)(#&,$&+!#&9(09(# 189
4$9U$7(/87(# 189
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I*#)!#*,(, 192
@H$)/!#&,$+&$"H7*(9*$"/!&$"&+(&)7*#/(+*P()*X" 194
Densidad 196
4*$9U!&7$`8$7*,!&U(7(&+(&)7*#/(+*P()*X" bhi
=#)$"#!&,$+&9(09(&(&/7(.5#&,$+&9("/!&3&,$&+(&)!7/$P( bhi
47("#H$7$")*(&,$&9(#(&3&$"$701(&U!7&,*H8#*X" 199
Convección 200
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;*#/$9(#&&`8$&*".!+8)7("&+1`8*,!G&#X+*,!&3&.(U!7 204
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<*f*"0&W&9$P)+(&R!9!05"$( 208
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=+/$7()*X"&U!#/S#!+*,*2)()*X" 208
E$"$7()*X"&,$+&9(09(& 209
N8#*X"&U(7)*(+ 211
11. ROCAS PLUTONICAS
Introducción 213
Categorías de granitos 213
Q(7:9$/7!#&0$!`819*)(# 215
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@+$9$"/!#&/7(P(#&)(7()/$71#/*)!#&,$&+!#&07("*/!# Ybi
(7()/$7*P()*X"&#$0_"&U(7/*)*U()*X"&,$+&9("/!&3&)!7/$P( 219
Granitos en zonas de colisión continente-continente 220
E7("*/!#&/*U!S= 221
Q$/7!05"$#*# 222
+(#*2)()*X"&0$!/$)/X"*)(&,$&+!#&07("*/!# 224
Q$09(/*/(# 224
Q$/7!05"$#*# 225
12. DORSALES OCEANICAS
Introducción 229
'(/87(+$P(&,$&+(&)!7/$P(&!)$:"*)( 231
g!"(&,$&H(++(#&/7("#H!79("/$# 231
B!7#(+$#&(#1#9*)(# 231
N+8%!&)(+X7*)!&3&#*#/$9(#&R*,7!/$79(+$#C 232
<$/(9!72#9!&,$+&H!",!&!)$:"*)!C 232
K(#(+/!#&,$&+(#&,!7#(+$#&9$,*!S!)$:"*)(#&D<?JKFC 232
!9U!#*)*X"&`819*)(C 233
?7*0$"&,$&+!#&9(09(#&<?JK&3&#8&H8$"/$&9("/5+*)( 235
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Introducción 240
Características distintivas 240
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;$7U$"/*"*P()*X" 244
13. MAGMATISMO DE INTRAPLACA
Introducción 245
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<!,$+!&U$/7!0$"5/*)! 255
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14. FLUJOS BASALTICOS CONTINENTALES
Introducción Y[i
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@+$9$"/!#&/7(P(# 260
-#X/!U!#&7(,*!05"*)!# 261
<!,$+!#&U$/7!0$"5/*)!# 262
15. MAGMATISMO EN MARGENES ACTIVOS DE PLACAS
Introducción 265
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16. MAGMATISMO DE MARGENES CONTINENTALES ACTIVOS
Introducción Yih
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J$#$7.!7*!#&,$&9(09(&$"&+(&)!7/$P( 281
(7()/$71#/*)(#&U$/7!07:2)(#&,$&+(#&7!)(#&.!+):"*)(#&3&U+8/X"*)(# 283
Andesitas 283
J*!+*/(# 285
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@+$9$"/!#&9(3!7$# Yoi
@+$9$"/!#&/7(P(# 288
-#X/!U!#&7(,*!05"*)!# 288
<!,$+!#&U$/7!0$"5/*)!# 289
17. MAGMATISMO EN CUENCAS DE RETRO-ARCO
Introducción 293
Q$/7!07(H1(&,$&+(#&7!)(#&.!+):"*)(# 295
!9U!#*)*X"&`819*)(&,$&+!#&9(09(# 295
@+$9$"/!#&9(3!7$# 295
@+$9$"/!#&/7(P(# 296
-#X/!U!#&7(,*!05"*)!# Yhi
<!,$+!&U$/7!0$"5/*)! Yhi
18. MAGMATISMO POTASICO DE INTRAPLACA
Introducción 301
s*9M$7+*/(# 302
Q$/7!07(H1(&,$&+(#&r*9M$7+*/(# 303
A(9U7!*/(# 304
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A(9U7X27!# 305
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@+$9$"/!#&9(3!7$# 306
@+$9$"/!#&/7(P(# 310
-#X/!U!#&7(,*!05"*)!# 311