Electrospinning of Nanofibers in Textiles

139 Pages·2011·5.192 MB·English

by  K Haghi

Electrospinning
Electrospinning of Nanofibers
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in Textiles
g of Nanofibers
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This new book, Electrospinning of Nanofibers in Textiles, presents important new research i
in the dynamic and emerging field of electrospinning and covers all aspects of the
technology as used to produce nanofibers. Electrospinning of nanofibers is an emerging in Textiles
technology of manufacturing of thin natural fibers that is based on the principle of the
electrospinning process. In conventional fiber spinning, the mechanical force is applied to
the end of a jet, whereas in the electrospinning process, the electric body force acts on
elements of charged fluid. Electrospinning of nanofibers has emerged as a specialized
processing technique for the formation of sub-micron fibers, with high specific surface
areas. Electrospinning of natural fibers offers an economical and simple method to E
prepare polymer fibers and provides an abundance of unique capabilities for producing l
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novel natural nanofibers and fabrics with controllable pore structure. c
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About the Author o
s
Dr. A.K. Haghi holds a BSc in urban and environmental engineering from the University of
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North Carolina (USA); an MSc in mechanical engineering from North Carolina A&T State i
n
University (USA); a DEA in applied mechanics, acoustics, and materials from the
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Université de Technologie de Compiègne (France); and a PhD in engineering sciences i
n
from the Université de Franche-Comté (France). g

He has written about 1000 original articles, 250 monographs, and 170 chapters in 40 o
volumes. It is apparent from this work that he has made valuable contributions to the f

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theory and practice of chemical engineering, heat and mass transfer, porous media,
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industrial drying, polymers, nanofibers, and nanocomposites.
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Dr. Haghi is Editor-In-Chief of the International Journal of Chemoinformatics and o
f
Chemical Engineering and Editor-In-Chief of the Polymers Research Journal. He is an i
b
editorial board member for many US and internationally published journals and is also a
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Senior Editor for Apple Academic Press (US and Canada). He served as an associate r
s
member of the University of Ottawa and was a member of the Canadian Society of
i
Mechanical Engineering. He currently serves as a faculty member at the University of n

Guilan (Iran). T
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Related Titles of Interest i
l
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• Research Progress in Nano and Intelligent Materials s
• Recent Advances in Nanotechnology
ISBN 978-1-926895-04-8
90000 A.K. Haghi, PhD
Apple Academic Press
www.appleacademicpress.com 9781926895048
ELECTROSPINNING OF
NANOFIBERS IN TEXTILES
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
ELECTROSPINNING OF
NANOFIBERS IN TEXTILES
A. K. Haghi, PhD
Professor, University of Guilan, Iran;
Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of
Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering
Apple Academic Press
TORONTO NEW JERSEY
CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc
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Contents
List of Abbreviations ..........................................................................................vii
Preface ................................................................................................................ix
1. Electrospun Nanofi bers: An Introduction .......................................................1
Introduction .........................................................................................................1
Keywords .............................................................................................................5
2. Update on Effect of Systematic Parameters ....................................................6
Introduction .........................................................................................................6
Effect of Systematic Parameters on Electrospun Nanofi bers ..............................8
Keywords ...........................................................................................................11
3. Update on Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofi bers ...................................12
Introduction .......................................................................................................12
Concluding Remarks .........................................................................................14
Keywords ...........................................................................................................15
4. Update on Fabrication of New Class of Electrospun Nanofi bers ................16
Introduction .......................................................................................................16
Diameter Distribution of Nanofi bers .................................................................17
Nanofi ber Orientation Distribution ....................................................................18
Concluding Remarks .........................................................................................18
Keywords ...........................................................................................................20
5. Update on Instability in Electrospun Nanofi bers .........................................21
Introduction .......................................................................................................21
Concluding Remarks .........................................................................................23
Keywords ...........................................................................................................24
6. Update on Control of Electrospun Nanofi ber Diameter––Part I ................25
Introduction .......................................................................................................25
Manual Method .................................................................................................26
Distance Transform ...........................................................................................27
Direct Tracking ..................................................................................................27
Concluding Remarks .........................................................................................28
Keywords ...........................................................................................................29
7. Update on Control of Electrospun Nanofi ber Diameter––Part II ...............30
Introduction .......................................................................................................30
Methodology ......................................................................................................31
Keywords ...........................................................................................................41
8. Update on Control of Electrospun Web Pores Structure .............................42
Introduction .......................................................................................................42
Methodology ......................................................................................................43
vi Contents
Experiment ........................................................................................................48
Results and Discussion ......................................................................................49
Keywords ...........................................................................................................58
9. Update on Control of some of the Governing Parameters in
Electrospinning ................................................................................................59
Introduction .......................................................................................................59
Experiment ........................................................................................................61
Results and Discussion ......................................................................................65
Keywords ...........................................................................................................70
10. Effects of Electric Field and Sericin Content in the Blend on the
Nanofi bers Uniformity ....................................................................................71
Introduction .......................................................................................................71
Experimental and Methods ................................................................................71
Results and Discussion ......................................................................................72
Keywords ...........................................................................................................75
11. Update on Electroless plating of Fabrics with Nanoparticles ......................76
Introduction .......................................................................................................76
Experiment ........................................................................................................76
Results and Discussion ......................................................................................78
Keywords ...........................................................................................................82
12. Update on Lamination of Nanofi bers ............................................................83
Introduction .......................................................................................................83
Experiments: Case 1––Production of Nanofi bers ..............................................87
Experiment: Case 2––Production of Laminated Composites ............................88
Results and Discussion ......................................................................................88
Experimental Design .........................................................................................91
Appendix ...........................................................................................................95
Keywords .........................................................................................................104
13. Update on New Class of Nonwovens ............................................................105
Introduction .....................................................................................................105
Experiment ......................................................................................................106
Results and Discussion ....................................................................................108
Manual Method ...............................................................................................115
Keywords .........................................................................................................118
14. Update on Control of Electrospun Nanofi ber Diameter—Part III ............119
Introduction .....................................................................................................119
Methodology ....................................................................................................120
Experiment ......................................................................................................124
Results and Discussion ....................................................................................124
Keywords .........................................................................................................126
References .......................................................................................................127
Index ...............................................................................................................128
List of Abbreviations
AFM Atomic force microscopy
CV Coefficient of variation
dB Decibels
DMF Dimethylformamide
EOS Equivalent opening size
FCCD Face-centered central composite design
MAT Medial axis transformation
MFD Mean fiber diameter
ODF Orientation distribution function
PAN Polyacrylonitrile
PDLA Poly D, L-lactide
PEOT/PBT Polyethylene oxide terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate
POA Percent open area
PPSN Polypropylene spun-bond nonwoven
PSD Pore-opening size distribution
PVA Polyvinyl alcohol
PVdF Polyvinylidene fluoride
RMSE Root mean square errors
RSM Response surface methodology
SE Shielding effectiveness
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
SF Silk fibroin
StdFD Standard deviation of fiber diameter
TEM Transmission electron microscopy
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Preface
Nanotechnology, refers to a field whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic
and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100
nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Nanotechnology is extremely diverse, ranging from novel extensions of conventional
device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly,
to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation
on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. There has been much
debate on the future of implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the po-
tential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such
as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology
raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, includ-
ing concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their
potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday
scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and govern-
ments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development
as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedi-
cal applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery
techniques.
Nanofi bers are defi ned as fi bers with diameters on the order of 100 nanometers.
They can be produced by interfacial polymerization and electrospinning. Nanofi bers
are included in garments, insulation and in energy storage. They are also used in medi-
cal applications, which include drug and gene delivery, artifi cial blood vessels, ar-
tifi cial organs and medical facemasks. Electrospinning is the cheapest and the most
straightforward way to produce nanomaterials. Electrospun nanofi bres are very im-
portant for the scientifi c and economic revival of developing countries. It is now pos-
sible to produce a low-cost, high-value, high-strength fi bre from a biodegradable and
renewable waste product for easing environmental concerns. Electrospun nanofi bres
can be used in many applications. This book presents new research in this dynamic
fi eld and covers all aspects of electrospinning as used to produce nanofi bres.
— A. K. Haghi