Electronics and Communications for Scientists and Engineers PDF
Preview Electronics and Communications for Scientists and Engineers
Electronics and Communications for Scientists and Engineers Electronics and Communications for Scientists and Engineers Second Edition Martin Plonus Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates ©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(other thanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusing anyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethods theyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhavea professionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliability foranyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,or fromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-817008-3 ForinformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:KateyBirtcher EditorialProjectManager:SusanIkeda AcquisitionEditor:KateyBirtcher ProductionProjectManager:JamesSelvam CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Preface Focus of the book Although the audience for this book is the same as that for broad-based electrical engi- neeringtexts,thisbookdiffersinlength,structure,andemphasis.Whereasthetraditional textsfornonelectricalengineeringcovercircuitsandelectronicsandthentreatelectrical machinery,webelievethatitismoreimportantfortoday’sstudentstobeknowledgeable in digital technology than in electrical machinery. After developing circuits and analog electronicsintheearlychaptersofthistext,wecontinuewithdigitalelectronicsandcon- clude with chapters on the digital computer and on digital communications—chapters that are normallynot includedinbooks for non-EEs. Thetextisintendedforstudentswhoneedtounderstandmodernelectronicsandcom- munication. Much of the material in the book is developed from the first principles, so previouscoursesoncircuits,forexample,arenotrequired;onlyfreshmanmathandphys- icscourses,andtheelementarytreatmentofcircuitsthatfreshmanphysicsprovides,are expected.Theemphasisthroughoutthebookisonapplicationsandonunderstandingthe underlyingprinciples.Forexample,Chapter8ispresentedfromtheperspectiveofauser who needs to understand the various subsystems ofa computer, including the relation- ship of hardware and software such as operating systems and application programs. Expertise in designing computers is thus left to more advanced courses. Similarly, Chapter 9 on digital communication is sufficiently detailed to present the information samplingandpulsecodemodulationnecessaryforanunderstandingofsuchdiversesub- jectsasdigitalsignalprocessing,theaudioCD,andtheInternet.Moreadvancedtopicsare left to specialized communication texts. Presentingandteachingcircuits,electronics,anddigitalcommunicationsfromasin- gle textbook can be an advantage if nonmajors are limited to a single EE course, which seems to be thetrendat many schools. Motivation for the book Electricalengineeringbeganinthepowerindustry,rapidlyprogressedtoelectronicsand communications,andthen enteredthecomputerageinthe1960s.Today,electricaland electronic devices, analog and digital, form the backbone of such diverse fields as com- puter engineering, biomedical engineering, and optical engineering, as well as financial ix x Preface markets and the Internet. For example, the electronics in a modern aircraft constitute about50%of thetotal cost. Thistextisanoutgrowthoflecturenotesforaone-termcoursetitledApplicationsof ElectronicDevicesthatisoffered,onanelectivebasis,tonon-electrical-engineeringstu- dents.Itprovidesasufficientlydeepunderstandingofthissubjectforstudentstointeract intelligently with otherengineers.The goalis not so muchto teach design asto present basic material in sufficient depth so that students can appreciate and understand the applicationchaptersonoperationalamplifiers,thedigitalcomputer,anddigitalcommu- nicationnetworks.Asuitabletextbookforsuchacoursedidnotexist.Typicalelectronics textsomitcircuitsandcommunicationsandaretoodetailed.Ontheotherhand,textson electricalengineeringfornon-EEsareverybroad,withmaterialonmachineryandpower engineering that is not relevant to electronics and communication. In addition, the breadthofthesetexts,whenusedinaone-termcourse,oftenforcestheomissionofcer- tainsections,makingtheflowofthepresentationchoppy.Finally,encyclopedicbooksthat areusefulasreferencesfordesigningcircuitsaremuchtooadvancedfornonmajors.What isneededisatextbriefenoughforaone-termcoursethatbeginswithchaptersonACand DCcircuits,thenprogressestoanaloganddigitalelectronics,andconcludeswithappli- cationchaptersoncontemporarysubjectssuchasdigitalcomputersanddigitalcommu- nication networks—demonstrating the importance as well as the underlying basis of electronics in modern technology. These views were used as guidelines for writing this text. Organization of the book Thebookhasthreebasicparts:circuits,electronics,andcommunications.Becauseelec- tronics is basically the combination of circuit elements R, L, and C and active elements suchasatransistor,webeginthebookwithastudyofcircuits.DCcircuitsarepresented firstbecausetheyaresimplerbutstillpermitthedevelopmentofgeneralprinciplessuch as Thevenin’s theorem, maximum power transfer, and “matching.” Resistors, definedby Ohm’s law, are shown to be energy conversion elements, and capacitors and inductors are energy storage elements. The distinction between ideal and practical sources is stressed before loop equations are introduced as a method for solving for currents and voltagesanywhereinacircuit.ACcircuitsareconsideredinChapter2,wherewefirstlearn that in a circuit, currents and voltages can change significantly with changes in the fre- quencyoftheappliedsource.Resonance,band-passaction,andbandwidthareaconse- quence.Averagepower,effectivevaluesofACorofanyperiodicwaveform,transformers, and impedance matching complete the chapter. These two chapters provide the basic understanding of DC and AC circuits, of transient analyses, and of frequency response and in thatsense serveas afoundation for theremainder ofthe book. InChapter3weaddanewelement,adiode,toacircuit.Omittinglengthytheory,we simply define a diode as a fast on–off switch which in combination with RLC elements Preface xi makespossibleclippers,clampers,voltageregulators,SCRs,etc.However,weemphasize itsuseinpowersuppliesthatchangeACtoDC.AsDCpowersmostelectronicequipment, apowersupplyisanimportantcomponentincomputers,TVs,etc.Asimplepowersupply consisting of a rectifier and capacitor filter is designed. This simple design nevertheless gives the student an appreciation of the concept, even though modern power supplies canbe quite complicated circuits. In Chapter 4 we begin the study of electronics with the underlying physics of the pn junction, which can explain diode and transistor action for students who are baffled by these seemingly mystical devices. Equally baffling is the transistor’s ability to amplify, which we approach by first considering a graphical analysis of an amplifier circuit. The notionofaloadlineimposedbytheexternalcircuittoatransistoranddrawnonthetran- sistor characteristic graphs seems to be acceptable to the student and is then easily extended to explain amplifier action. The load line and Q-point also help to explain DC biasing, which is needed for proper operation of an amplifier. Only then is the student comfortable with the mathematical models for small-signal amplifiers. After frequency response,squarewavetesting,andpoweramplifiers,wearereadytoconsideracomplete system. As an example we dissect an AM radio receiver and see how the parts serve the system as a whole,noting that the electronics of most AM receivers these days come as integratedchipsallowingnodivisionintoparts.Chapters3,4,and5coveranalogelectron- ics,andlargepartsofthesechapterscouldbeomittedifthechoiceismadetodeempha- size analog and devote moreclass time to digital electronics. Operational amplifiers are the subject of Chapter 6. This chapter can stand alone becauseitistoalargeextentindependentofthepreviousthreechaptersonanalogelec- tronics.Afterpresentingthestandardinvertingopampcircuit,whichischaracterizedby moderatebutstablegainobtainedbyapplyinglargeamountsofnegativefeedbacktothe opamp,weconsiderawidevarietyofpracticalopampdevicesfromsummers,compar- ators,integrators,differentialamplifiers,filters,A/D,andD/Aconverters.Afinalexample oftheanalog computer is given primarily because itapplies tocontrol, teaches us atad moreaboutdifferentialequations,andshowshowamechanicalsystemcanbeeffectively modeledand solved by electrical circuits. The final three chapters consider the subject of digital electronics. The last chapter, eventhoughondigitalcommunication,isnonethelessrootedinelectronics.Ourobjective for these chapters is to give the student adeeper understanding of the digital computer andtheInternet,cornerstonesofthedigitalrevolution.Gates,combinatorialandsequen- tiallogic,flip-flops,andthemicroprocessor(Experiment9),allbuildingblocksformore complex systems, are considered in Chapter 7. We move to the digital computer in Chapter8andtocommunicationnetworksinChapter9.Thesechaptersarenotsomuch intendedtoteachdesignskillsastheyareforthenonmajortoacquireathoroughunder- standing ofthesubjectmatterforaworkableinteractionwithexperts.Inthatsense,the chapteronthedigitalcomputerconcentratesonthosetopicswithwhichtheuserinteracts suchasprogramminglanguages,RAMandROMmemory,theCPU,andtheoperatingsys- tem.Similarly,inChapter9wecoyerthesamplingprocess,Nyquistcriterion,information xii Preface rates,multiplexing,andpulsecodemodulation,allofwhicharenecessaryforanunder- standing of digital signal processing and digital communication networks such as the Internet. Acknowledgments First edition IthankDr.CarlJ.BaumgaertnerofHarveyMuddCollege,Dr.ShawnBlantonofCarnegie MellonUniversity,Dr.GaryEricksonofIdahoStateUniversity,andDr.CanE.Kormanof The George Washington University for reviewing the manuscript. I also thank my colleagues at Northwestern University, Professors Larry Henschen, Mike Honig, Zeno Rekasius, and Alan Sahakian, for reviewing portions of themanuscript. Second edition IwouldliketothankProfessorLarryHenschenforhelpinupdatingChapter8(TheDigital Computer), Professor Randall Berry for contributing primarily to the “Compression” section, Professors Douglas Downey and Selim Shahriar for contributing primarily to the “Artificial Intelligence” and “Quantum Computer” sections, respectively, in Chapter 9, Professor Gordon J. Murphy for critically reviewing many sections, and students Jing Li andJulianGamboaforhelpwithgraphsandproofreading. Martin Plonus xiii 1 Circuit Fundamentals 1.1 Introduction ElectronicsdealswithvoltageandcurrentinteractioninanetworkofresistancesR,induc- tancesL,capacitancesC,andactiveelementssuchastransistors.Thepurposeisusuallyto amplify signals or to produce signals of a desired waveform, typically at low levels of power. A study of electronics therefore should begin with the passive elements R, L, and C—a study usually referred to ascircuit theory. Itshouldthenbefollowedbythebasicsoftransistors,whichgenerallyactasamplifiers oron–offswitches.Wecanthenproceedtoelectroniccircuitdesigninwhichpassiveand activeelementsarecombinedtoformelementarycircuitssuchasapowersupply,ampli- fier, oscillator, A/D converter, etc. In turn we can combine these elementary circuits to createusefuldevices such as radios, TVs, computers, etc. Thestudyofelectroniccircuitswillessentiallyfollowthispath:DCcircuitanalysis,AC circuit analysis, basic solid-state theory, junction diodes, transistors, elementary ampli- fiersandopamps,small-signalamplifiercircuits,anddigitalelectronics,whicharethen used as buildingblocksto introduce digital communications and the Internet. 1.2 Dimensions and Units Inthisbookthemksa(meter-kilogram-second-ampere)systemofunits,nowasubsystem oftheSIunits,isused.Adimensionalanalysisshouldalwaysbethefirststepinchecking thecorrectnessofanequation.1Asurprisingnumberoferrorscanbedetectedatanearly stagesimplybycheckingthatbothsidesofanequationbalancedimensionallyintermsof thefourbasicdimensions.Forexample,Newton’ssecondlawgivestheforceFinnewtons (N) as F¼mamassðlengthÞ=ðtimeÞ2 An increment ofwork dW injoules (J)is givenby dW¼F dlmassðlengthÞ2=ðtimeÞ2 1Adimensiondefinesaphysicalcharacteristic.Aunitisastandardbywhichthedimensionisexpressed numerically.Forexample,asecondisaunitintermsofwhichthedimensiontimeisexpressed.Oneshouldnot confusethenameofaphysicalquantitywithitsunitsofmeasure.Forexample,powershouldnotbeexpressedas workpersecond,butasworkperunittime. ElectronicsandCommunicationsforScientistsandEngineers.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817008-3.00001-2 1 ©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
The list of books you might like
