Electronic devices and amplifier circuits with MATLAB applications

448 Pages·2005·10.56 MB·English

by  Steven T Karris

Digital Circuit Analysis and Design
with an Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs
Steven T. Karris
Editor
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Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Digital Circuit Students and working professionals will
find Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with
Analysis and Design an Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, to be
a concise and easy-to-learn text. It pro-
with an Introduction to CPLDs & FPGAs vides complete, clear, and detailed expla-
nations of the state-of-the-art electronic
digital circuits. All topics are illustrated
with many real-world examples.
This text includes the following chapters and appendices:
• Common Number Systems and Conversions • Operations in Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal
Systems • Sign Magnitude and Floating Point Arithmetic • Binary Codes • Fundamentals of Boolean
Algebra • Minterms and Maxterms • Combinational Logic Circuits • Sequential Logic
Circuits • Memory Devices • Advanced Arithmetic and Logic Operations • Introduction to Field
Programmable Devices • Introduction to the ABELHardware Description Language
• Introduction to VHDL• Introduction to Verilog • Introduction to Boundary-Scan Architecture
Each chapter contains numerous practical applications. This is a design-oriented text.
Steven T. Karris is the president and founder of Orchard Publications. He earned a bachelors
degree in electrical engineering at Christian Brothers University, Memphis, Tennessee, a masters
degree in electrical engineering at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, and has done
post-master work at the latter. He is a registered professional engineer in California and Florida. He
has over 35 years of professional engineering experience in industry. In addition, he has over 30
years of teaching experience that he acquired at several educational institutions as an adjunct pro-
fessor. He was formerly with UC Berkeley Extension.
Orchard Publications
Visit us on the Internet
www.orchardpublications.com
or email us: [email protected]
ISBN 0-9744239-5-5
$49.95 U.S.A.
Digital Circuit Design
with an Introduction to
CPLDs and FPGAs
Steven T. Karris
Editor
Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Digital Circuit Design with an Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs
Copyright ” 2005 Orchard Publications. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Direct all inquiries to Orchard Publications, [email protected]
Product and corporate names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Xilinx, Inc., Altera, Inc. Cypress
Semiconductor, Lattice, Inc., and Atmel, Inc. They are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to
infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) 2005929326
Copyright TX 5-612-942
ISBN 0-9744239-5-5
Disclaimer
The author has made every effort to make this text as complete and accurate as possible, but no warranty is implied.
The author and publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss
or damages arising from the information contained in this text.
Preface
This book is an undergraduate level textbook presenting a thorough discussion of state-of-the-art
digital devices and circuits. It supplements our Electronic Devices and Amplifier Circuits, ISBN 0-
9744239-4-7. It is self-contained; begins with the basics and ends with the latest developments of
the digital technology. The intent is to prepare the reader for advanced digital circuit design and
programming the powerful Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), and Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).
The prerequisites for this text are just basic high-school math; Accordingly, it can be read and
understood by high-school seniors, trade-school, community college, and 4-year university
students. It is ideal for self-study.
The author and contributors make no claim to originality of content or of treatment, but have
taken care to present definitions, statements of physical laws, theorems, and problems.
Chapter 1 is an introduction to the decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers, their
representation, and conversion from one base to another. Chapter 2 presents an introduction to
arithmetic operations in binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers. The tens complement and nines
complements in the decimal system and the twos complement and ones complements in the
binary system are discussed and illustrated with numerous examples. Chapter 3 begins with an
introduction to sign magnitude representation of binary numbers. It concludes with a discussion
on floating point arithmetic for representing large numbers and the IEEE standard that specifies
single precision (32 bit) and double precision (64 bit) floating point representation of numbers.
Chapter 4 describes the most commonly used binary codes. The Binary Coded Decimal (BCD),
the Excess-3 Code, the 2*421 Code, the Gray Code, and the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII) code are introduced as well as the use of parity bits. Chapter 5
begins with the basic logic operations and continues with the fundamentals of Boolean algebra
and the basic postulates and theorems as applied to electronic logic circuits. Truth tables are
defined and examples are given to illustrate how they can be used to prove Boolean algebra
theorems or equivalent logical expressions. Chapter 6 introduces the standard forms of expressing
Boolean functions; the minterms and maxterms, also known as standard products and standard
sums respectively. A procedure is also presented to show how one can convert one form to the
other. This topic is essential in understanding the programming of Programmable Logic Arrays
(PLAs) discussed in Chapter 11.
Chapter 7 is an introduction to combinational logic circuits. It begins with methods of
implementing logic diagrams from Boolean expressions, the derivation of Boolean expressions
from logic diagrams, input and output waveforms, and the use of Karnaugh maps for simplifying
Boolean expressions. Chapter 8 is an introduction to sequential logic circuits. It begins with a
discussion of the different types of flip flops, and continues with the analysis and design of binary
counters, registers, ring counters, and ring oscillators. Chapter is an introduction to computer
memory devices. We discuss the random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), row
and column decoders, memory chip organization, static RAMs (SRAMs) dynamic RAMs
(DRAMs), volatile, nonvolatile, programmable ROMs (PROMs), Erasable PROMs (EPROMs),
Electrically Erasable PROMs (EEPROMs), flash memories, and cache memory. Chapter 10 begins
with an introduction to the basic components of a digital computer. It continues with a discussion
of the basic microprocessor operations, and concludes with the description of more advanced
arithmetic and logic operations.
We consider Chapter 11 as the highlight of this text. It is an introduction to Field Programmable
Devices (FPDs), also referred to as Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). It begins with the
description and applications of Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs), continues with the
description of Simple PLDs (SPLDs) and Complex PLDs (CPLDs), and concludes with the
description of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).
This text includes also four appendices; Appendix A is an overview of the Advanced Boolean
Equation Language (ABEL) which is an industry-standard Hardware Description Language
(HDL) used in Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). Appendix B describes the VHSIC Hardware
Description Language briefly referred to as VHDL. This language was developed to be used for
documentation, verification, and synthesis of large digital designs. Appendix C introduces the
Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL). Like VHDL introduced in Appendix B, Verilog
is a programming language used to describe a digital system and its components. Appendix D is a
brief discussion on the boundary-scan architecture and the new technology trends that make
using boundary-scan essential for the reduction in development and production costs.
This is our eighth science and electrical and computer engineering-related text. My associates,
contributors, and I have a mission to produce substance and yet inexpensive texts for the average
reader. Our texts are very popular with students and working professionals seeking to enhance
their knowledge and prepare for the professional engineering examination. We are working with
limited resources and our small profits realized after large discounts to the bookstores and
distributors, are reinvested in the production of more texts. To maintain our retail prices as low as
possible, we avoid expensive and fancy hardcovers.
Like any other new text, the readers will probably find some mistakes and typo errors for which we
assume responsibility. We will be grateful to readers who direct these to our attention at
[email protected]. Thank you.
Orchard Publications
Fremont, California 94538-4741
United States of America
www.orchardpublications.com
[email protected]
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Common Number Systems and Conversions
Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Systems......................................................................1-1
Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversions...........................................................1-3
Decimal to Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Conversions...........................................................1-3
Binary-Octal-Hexadecimal Conversions......................................................................................1-7
Summary.......................................................................................................................................1-9
Exercises......................................................................................................................................1-11
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.......................................................................................1-12
Chapter 2
Operations in Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Systems
Binary System Operations.............................................................................................................2-1
Octal System Operations..............................................................................................................2-2
Hexadecimal System Operations..................................................................................................2-5
Complements of Numbers.............................................................................................................2-6
Tens-Complement........................................................................................................................2-7
Nines-Complement.......................................................................................................................2-7
Twos-Complement........................................................................................................................2-8
Ones-Complement........................................................................................................................2-9
Subtraction with Tens- and Twos-Complements.......................................................................2-10
Subtraction with Nines- and Ones-Complements......................................................................2-11
Summary.....................................................................................................................................2-14
Exercises......................................................................................................................................2-16
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.......................................................................................2-18
Chapter 3
Sign Magnitude and Floating Point Arithmetic
Signed Magnitude of Binary Numbers..........................................................................................3-1
Floating Point Arithmetic.............................................................................................................3-2
The IEEE Single Precision Floating Point Arithmetic..................................................................3-3
The IEEE Double Precision Floating Point Arithmetic................................................................3-7
Summary.......................................................................................................................................3-9
Exercises......................................................................................................................................3-10
Solutions to-End-of-Chapter Exercises.......................................................................................3-11
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Chapter 4
Binary Codes
Encoding.......................................................................................................................................4-1
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD).....................................................................................................4-1
The Excess-3 Code.......................................................................................................................4-2
The 2*421 Code...........................................................................................................................4-3
The Gray Code.............................................................................................................................4-4
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Code...............................4-5
The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC).........................................4-8
Parity Bits......................................................................................................................................4-8
Error Detecting and Correcting Codes........................................................................................4-9
Cyclic Codes.................................................................................................................................4-9
Summary.....................................................................................................................................4-14
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................4-16
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises......................................................................................4-17
Chapter 5
Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra
Basic Logic Operations.................................................................................................................5-1
Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra...............................................................................................5-1
Postulates......................................................................................................................................5-1
Theorems......................................................................................................................................5-2
Truth Tables.................................................................................................................................5-3
Summary.......................................................................................................................................5-5
Exercises.......................................................................................................................................5-7
Solutions to End-of Chapter Exercises.........................................................................................5-8
Chapter 6
Minterms and Maxterms
Minterms......................................................................................................................................6-1
Maxterms......................................................................................................................................6-2
Conversion from One Standard Form to Another......................................................................6-3
Properties of Minterms and Maxterms.........................................................................................6-4
Summary.......................................................................................................................................6-9
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................6-10
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises......................................................................................6-12
ii Digital Circuit Design with an Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs
Orchard Publications
Chapter 7
Combinational Logic Circuits
Implementation of Logic Diagrams from Boolean Expressions...................................................7-1
Obtaining Boolean Expressions from Logic Diagrams.................................................................7-9
Input and Output Waveforms...................................................................................................7-11
Karnaugh Maps (K-maps)..........................................................................................................7-12
K-map of Two Variables............................................................................................................7-12
K-map of Three Variables..........................................................................................................7-14
K-map of Four Variables............................................................................................................7-14
General Procedures for Using a K-map of n Squares.................................................................7-16
Don’t Care Conditions...............................................................................................................7-20
Design of Common Logic Circuits.............................................................................................7-21
Parity Generators/Checkers.......................................................................................................7-21
Digital Encoders.........................................................................................................................7-23
Decimal-to-BCD Encoder..........................................................................................................7-26
Digital Decoders.........................................................................................................................7-28
Equality Comparators.................................................................................................................7-32
Multiplexers and Demultiplexers...............................................................................................7-36
Arithmetic Adder and Subtractor Logic Circuits......................................................................7-42
Summary....................................................................................................................................7-48
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................7-50
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises......................................................................................7-53
Chapter 8
Sequential Logic Circuits
Introduction to Sequential Circuits..............................................................................................8-1
Set-Reset (SR) Flip Flop...............................................................................................................8-1
Data (D) Flip Flop.........................................................................................................................8-4
JK Flip Flop...................................................................................................................................8-5
Toggle (T) Flip Flop......................................................................................................................8-6
Flip Flop Triggering.......................................................................................................................8-7
Edge-Triggered Flip Flops.............................................................................................................8-8
Master / Slave Flip Flops...............................................................................................................8-8
Conversion from One Type of Flip Flop to Another..................................................................8-11
Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits.............................................................................8-13
Design of Synchronous Counters................................................................................................8-22
Registers......................................................................................................................................8-27
Ring Counters.............................................................................................................................8-32
Ring Oscillators...........................................................................................................................8-35
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Summary.....................................................................................................................................8-36
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................8-39
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises......................................................................................8-42
Chapter 9
Memory Devices
Random-Access Memory (RAM)................................................................................................9-1
Read-Only Memory (ROM).........................................................................................................9-3
Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)..............................................................................9-6
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM).............................................................9-7
Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)........................................9-8
Flash Memory...............................................................................................................................9-8
Cache Memory.............................................................................................................................9-9
Virtual Memory............................................................................................................................9-9
Scratch Pad Memory..................................................................................................................9-10
Summary.....................................................................................................................................9-11
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................9-13
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises......................................................................................9-14
Chapter 10
Advanced Arithmetic and Logic Operations
Computers Defined....................................................................................................................10-1
Basic Digital Computer System Organization and Operation...................................................10-2
Parallel Adder.............................................................................................................................10-4
Serial Adder................................................................................................................................10-5
Overflow Conditions..................................................................................................................10-6
High-Speed Addition and Subtraction......................................................................................10-9
Binary Multiplication................................................................................................................10-10
Binary Division.........................................................................................................................10-13
Logic Operations of the ALU...................................................................................................10-14
Other ALU functions...............................................................................................................10-15
Summary...................................................................................................................................10-16
Exercises...................................................................................................................................10-18
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises....................................................................................10-19
iv Digital Circuit Design with an Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs
Orchard Publications