Electronic Devices and Amplifier Circuits

628 Pages·2005·15.96 MB·English

Electronic Devices
and Amplifier Circuits
with MATLAB®Applications
Steven T. Karris
Editor
Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Electronic Devices and Amplifier Circuits with MATLAB®Applications
Copyright ” 2005 Orchard Publications. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Direct all inquiries to Orchard Publications, [email protected]
Product and corporate names are trademarks or registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. They are used only for
identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) 2005901972
Copyright TX 5-589-152
ISBN 0-9744239-4-7
Disclaimer
The author has made every effort to make this text as complete and accurate as possible, but no warranty is implied.
The author and publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss
or damages arising from the information contained in this text.
Preface
This book is an undergraduate level textbook presenting a thorough discussion of state-of-the art
electronic devices. It is self-contained; it begins with an introduction to solid state semiconductor
devices. The prerequisites for this text are first year calculus and physics, and a two-semester
course in circuit analysis including the fundamental theorems and the Laplace transformation. No
previous knowledge of MATLAB®is required; the material in Appendix A and the inexpensive
MATLAB Student Version is all the reader need to get going. Our discussions are based on a PC
with Windows XP platforms but if you have another platform such as Macintosh, please refer to
the appropriate sections of the MATLAB’s User Guide which also contains instructions for
installation. Additional information including purchasing may be obtained from The MathWorks,
Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760-2098. Phone: [phone], Fax: [phone], e-
mail: [email protected] and web site http://www.mathworks.com.This text can also be used
without MATLAB.
This is our fourth electrical and computer engineering-based text with MATLAB applications.
My associates, contributors, and I have a mission to produce substance and yet inexpensive texts
for the average reader. Our first three texts* are very popular with students and working
professionals seeking to enhance their knowledge and prepare for the professional engineering
examination. We are working with limited resources and our small profits left after large discounts
to the bookstores and distributors, are reinvested in the production of more texts. To maintain
our retail prices as low as possible, we avoid expensive and fancy hardcovers.
The author and contributors make no claim to originality of content or of treatment, but have
taken care to present definitions, statements of physical laws, theorems, and problems.
Chapter 1 is an introduction to the nature of small signals used in electronic devices, amplifiers,
definitions of decibels, bandwidth, poles and zeros, stability, transfer functions, and Bode plots.
Chapter 2 is an introduction to solid state electronics beginning with simple explanations of
electron and hole movement. This chapter provides a thorough discussion on the junction diode
and its volt-ampere characteristics. In most cases, the non-linear characteristics are plotted with
simple MATLAB scripts. The discussion concludes with diode applications, the Zener, Schottky,
tunnel, and varactor diodes, and optoelectronics devices. Chapters 3 and 4 are devoted to bipolar
junction transistors and FETs respectively, and many examples with detailed solutions are
provided. Chapter 5 is a long chapter on op amps. Many op amp circuits are presented and their
applications are well illustrated.
* These are Circuit Analysis I, ISBN 0-9709511-2-4, Circuit Analysis II, ISBN 0-9709511-5-9, and Signals
and Systems, ISBN 0-9709511-6-7.
The highlight of this text is Chapter 6 on integrated devices used in logic circuits. The internal
construction and operation of the TTL, NMOS, PMOS, CMOS, ECL, and the biCMOS families
of those devices are fully discussed. Moreover, the interpretation of the most important
parameters listed in the manufacturers data sheets are explained in detail. Chapter 7 is an
introduction to pulse circuits and waveform generators. There, we discuss the 555 Timer, the
astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators, and the Schmitt trigger.
Chapter 8 discusses to the frequency characteristic of single-stage and cascade amplifiers, and
Chapter 9 is devoted to tuned amplifiers. Sinusoidal oscillators are introduced in Chapter 10.
There are also three appendices in this text. As mentioned earlier, the first, Appendix A, is an
introduction to MATLAB. Appendix B is an introduction to uncompensated and compensated
networks, and Appendix C discusses the substitution, reduction, and Miller’s theorems.
A companion to this text, Logic Circuits, is nearly completion also. This text is devoted strictly on
Boolean logic, combinational and sequential circuits as interconnected logic gates and flip-flops,
an introduction to static and dynamic memory devices. and other related topics.
Like any other new text, the readers will probably find some mistakes and typo errors for which we
assume responsibility. We will be grateful to readers who direct these to our attention at
[email protected]. Thank you.
Orchard Publications
Fremont, California 94538-4741
United States of America
www.orchardpublications.com
[email protected]
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Basic Electronic Concepts and Signals
Signals and Signal Classifications.................................................................................................1-1
Amplifiers......................................................................................................................................1-3
Decibels.........................................................................................................................................1-4
Bandwidth and Frequency Response............................................................................................1-5
Bode Plots.....................................................................................................................................1-7
Transfer Function.........................................................................................................................1-9
Poles and Zeros...........................................................................................................................1-11
Stability.......................................................................................................................................1-12
The Voltage Amplifier Equivalent Circuit.................................................................................1-16
The Current Amplifier Equivalent Circuit.................................................................................1-18
Summary.....................................................................................................................................1-20
Exercises......................................................................................................................................1-23
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.......................................................................................1-25
Chapter 2
Introduction to Semiconductor Electronics - Diodes
Electrons and Holes......................................................................................................................2-1
The Junction Diode......................................................................................................................2-4
Graphical Analysis of Circuits with Non-Linear Devices............................................................2-9
Piecewise Linear Approximations..............................................................................................2-13
Low Frequency AC Circuits with Junction Diodes....................................................................2-15
Junction Diode Applications in AC Circuits.............................................................................2-19
Peak Rectifier Circuits................................................................................................................2-28
Clipper Circuits...........................................................................................................................2-30
DC Restorer Circuits..................................................................................................................2-32
Voltage Doubler Circuits............................................................................................................2-33
Diode Applications in Amplitude Modulation (AM) Detection Circuits.................................2-34
Diode Applications in Frequency Modulation (FM) Detection Circuits..................................2-35
Zener Diodes...............................................................................................................................2-36
The Schottky Diode...................................................................................................................2-42
The Tunnel Diode......................................................................................................................2-43
The Varactor..............................................................................................................................2-45
Optoelectronic Devices..............................................................................................................2-46
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Summary.....................................................................................................................................2-50
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................2-54
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises......................................................................................2-59
Chapter 3
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Introduction.................................................................................................................................3-1
NPN Transistor Operation..........................................................................................................3-3
The Bipolar Junction Transistor as an Amplifier.........................................................................3-4
Equivalent Circuit Models - NPN Transistors.............................................................................3-6
Equivalent Circuit Models - PNP Transistors..............................................................................3-7
Effect of Temperature on the i - v Characteristics............................................................3-10
C BE
Collector Output Resistance - Early Voltage.............................................................................3-11
Transistor Amplifier Circuit Biasing..........................................................................................3-18
Fixed Bias...................................................................................................................................3-21
Self-Bias......................................................................................................................................3-25
Amplifier Classes and Operation...............................................................................................3-28
Class A Amplifier Operation.....................................................................................................3-31
Class B Amplifier Operation......................................................................................................3-34
Class AB Amplifier Operation...................................................................................................3-35
Class C Amplifier Operation......................................................................................................3-37
Graphical Analysis.....................................................................................................................3-38
Power Relations in the Basic Transistor Amplifier....................................................................3-42
Piecewise-Linear Analysis of the Transistor Amplifier..............................................................3-44
Incremental linear models..........................................................................................................3-49
Transconductance......................................................................................................................3-54
High-Frequency Models for Transistors.....................................................................................3-55
The Darlington Connection......................................................................................................3-59
Transistor Networks...................................................................................................................3-61
The h-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Base Transistor.....................................................3-61
The T-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Base Transistor....................................................3-64
The h-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Emitter Transistor................................................3-65
The T-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Emitter Transistor................................................3-70
The h-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Collector (Emitter-Follower) Transistor..............3-70
The T-Equivalent Circuit for the Common-Collector Transistor Amplifier............................3-76
Transistor Cutoff and Saturation Regions.................................................................................3-77
Cutoff Region.............................................................................................................................3-78
Active Region.............................................................................................................................3-78
Saturation Region......................................................................................................................3-78
The Ebers-Moll Transistor Model..............................................................................................3-80
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Schottky Diode Clamp...............................................................................................................3-84
Transistor Specifications.............................................................................................................3-85
Summary.....................................................................................................................................3-86
Exercises......................................................................................................................................3-90
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.......................................................................................3-96
Chapter 4
Field Effect Transistors and PNPN Devices
The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)................................................................................4-1
The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)........................................4-6
The N-Channel MOSFET in the Enhancement Mode.................................................................4-8
The N-Channel MOSFET in the Depletion Mode.....................................................................4-12
The P-Channel MOSFET in the Enhancement Mode................................................................4-14
The P-Channel MOSFET in the Depletion Mode......................................................................4-17
Voltage Gain..............................................................................................................................4-17
Complementary MOS (CMOS).................................................................................................4-19
The CMOS Common-Source Amplifier....................................................................................4-20
The CMOS Common-Gate Amplifier.......................................................................................4-20
The CMOS Common-Drain (Source Follower) Amplifier........................................................4-20
The Metal Semiconductor FET (MESFET)...............................................................................4-21
The Unijunction Transistor........................................................................................................4-22
The Diac.....................................................................................................................................4-23
The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR).....................................................................................4-24
The SCR as an Electronic Switch..............................................................................................4-27
The SCR in the Generation of Sawtooth Waveforms................................................................4-28
The Triac....................................................................................................................................4-37
The Shockley Diode...................................................................................................................4-38
Other PNPN Devices.................................................................................................................4-40
Summary....................................................................................................................................4-41
Exercises....................................................................................................................................4-44
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises......................................................................................4-46
Chapter 5
Operational Amplifiers
The Operational Amplifier...........................................................................................................5-1
An Overview of the Op Amp.......................................................................................................5-1
The Op Amp in the Inverting Mode............................................................................................5-2
The Op Amp in the Non-Inverting Mode...................................................................................5-5
Active Filters................................................................................................................................5-8
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Analysis of Op Amp Circuits.....................................................................................................5-11
Input and Output Resistances...................................................................................................5-22
Op Amp Open Loop Gain.........................................................................................................5-25
Op Amp Closed Loop Gain.......................................................................................................5-26
Transresistance Amplifier..........................................................................................................5-29
Closed Loop Transfer Function.................................................................................................5-30
The Op Amp Integrator.............................................................................................................5-31
The Op Amp Differentiator.......................................................................................................5-35
Summing and Averaging Op Amp Circuits...............................................................................5-37
Differential Input Op Amp........................................................................................................5-39
Instrumentation Amplifiers........................................................................................................5-42
Offset Nulling.............................................................................................................................5-44
External Frequency Compensation............................................................................................5-45
Slew Rate....................................................................................................................................5-45
Circuits with Op Amps and Non-Linear Devices......................................................................5-46
Comparators...............................................................................................................................5-50
Wien Bridge Oscillator...............................................................................................................5-50
Digital-to-Analog Converters....................................................................................................5-52
Analog-to-Digital Converters....................................................................................................5-56
The Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter....................................................................................5-57
The Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter..................................................5-58
The Dual-Slope Analog-to-Digital Converter...........................................................................5-59
Quantization, Quantization Error, Accuracy, and Resolution..................................................5-61
Op Amps in Analog Computers................................................................................................5-63
Summary.....................................................................................................................................5-67
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................5-71
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises......................................................................................5-78
Chapter 6
Integrated Circuits
The Basic Logic Gates..................................................................................................................6-1
Positive and Negative Logic.........................................................................................................6-1
The Inverter.................................................................................................................................6-2
The AND Gate............................................................................................................................6-6
The OR Gate................................................................................................................................6-8
The NAND Gate.........................................................................................................................6-9
The NOR Gate...........................................................................................................................6-13
The Exclusive OR (XOR) and Exclusive NOR (XNOR) Gates...............................................6-15
Fan-In, Fan-Out, TTL Unit Load, Sourcing Current, and Sinking Current............................6-17
Data Sheets................................................................................................................................6-20
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Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL).....................................................................................................6-24
NMOS Logic Gates....................................................................................................................6-28
The NMOS Inverter...................................................................................................................6-31
The NMOS NAND Gate...........................................................................................................6-31
The NMOS NOR Gate..............................................................................................................6-32
CMOS Logic Gates.....................................................................................................................6-32
The CMOS Inverter...................................................................................................................6-33
The CMOS NAND Gate...........................................................................................................6-34
The CMOS NOR Gate..............................................................................................................6-35
Buffers, Tri-State Devices, and Data Buses................................................................................6-35
Present and Future Technologies...............................................................................................6-39
Summary.....................................................................................................................................6-43
Exercises......................................................................................................................................6-46
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.......................................................................................6-49
Chapter 7
Pulse Circuits and Waveform Generators
Astable (Free-Running) Multivibrators........................................................................................7-1
The 555 Timer..............................................................................................................................7-2
Astable Multivibrator with the 555 Timer...................................................................................7-3
Monostable Multivibrators.........................................................................................................7-15
Bistable Multivibrators (Flip-Flops)............................................................................................7-18
The Fixed-Bias Flip-Flop............................................................................................................7-19
The Self-Bias Flip-Flop...............................................................................................................7-22
Triggering Signals for Flip-Flops.................................................................................................7-28
Present Technology Bistable Multivibrators..............................................................................7-30
The Schmitt Trigger...................................................................................................................7-30
Summary.....................................................................................................................................7-33
Exercises......................................................................................................................................7-34
Solutions to End-of-Chapter Exercises.......................................................................................7-37
Chapter 8
Frequency Characteristics of Single-Stage and Cascaded Amplifiers
Properties of Signal Waveforms....................................................................................................8-1
The Transistor Amplifier at Low Frequencies..............................................................................8-5
The Transistor Amplifier at High Frequencies............................................................................8-9
Combined Low- and High-Frequency Characteristics...............................................................8-14
Frequency Characteristics of Cascaded Amplifiers....................................................................8-14
Overall Characteristics of Multistage Amplifiers.......................................................................8-26
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