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Electronic Circuits PDF

441 Pages·2006·21.51 MB·English
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Electronic Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications This page intentionally left blank Electronic Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications Third Edition Michael Tooley BA Formerly Vice Principal Brooklands College of Further and Higher Education Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington MA 01803, USA First published 2006 Copyright © 2006, Mike Tooley. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Mike Tooley to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permission may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Acatalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-13: 978-0-75-066923-8 ISBN-10: 0-75-066923-3 For information on all Newnes publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com Typeset by the author Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Preface vii 15 Fault finding 273 Aword about safety ix 16 Sensors and interfacing 287 1 Electrical fundamentals 1 17 Circuit simulation 303 2 Passive components 21 18 The PIC microcontroller 313 3 D.C. circuits 49 19 Circuit construction 327 4 Alternating voltage and current 69 Appendix 1 Student assignments 361 5 Semiconductors 87 Appendix 2 Revision problems 364 6 Power supplies 115 Appendix 3 Answers to problems 374 7 Amplifiers 131 Appendix 4 Pin connections 377 8 Operational amplifiers 157 Appendix 5 1N4148 data sheet 379 9 Oscillators 171 Appendix 6 2N3904 data sheet 382 10 Logic circuits 183 Appendix 7 Decibels 388 11 Microprocessers 199 Appendix 8 Mathematics for electronics 390 12 The 555 timer 217 Appendix 9 Useful web addresses 415 13 Radio 227 Index 417 14 Test equipment and measurements 245 This page intentionally left blank Preface This is the book that I wish I had when I first also to give you some experience of the ‘short started exploring electronics nearly half a century answer’ questions used in most in-course ago. In those days, transistors were only just assessments. For good measure, we have included making their debut and integrated circuits were 70 revision problems in Appendix 2. At the end of completely unknown. Of course, since then much the book you will find 21 sample coursework has changed but, despite all of the changes, the assignments. These should give you plenty of ‘food world of electronics remains a fascinating one. for thought’ as well as offering you some scope for And, unlike most other advanced technological further experimentation. It is not envisaged that you disciplines, electronics is still something that you should complete all of these assignments and a can ‘do’ at home with limited resources and with a carefully chosen selection will normally suffice. If minimal outlay. A soldering iron, a multi-meter, you are following a formal course, your teacher or and a handful of components are all that you need lecturer will explain how these should be tackled to get started. Except, of course, for some ideas to and how they can contribute to your course get you started—and that’s exactly where this book assessment. While the book assumes no previous comes in! knowledge of electronics you need to be able to The book has been designed to help you manipulate basic formulae and understand some understand how electronic circuits work. It will simple trigonometry in order to follow the provide you with the basic underpinning numerical examples. A study of mathematics to knowledge necessary to appreciate the operation of GCSE level (or equivalent) will normally be a wide range of electronic circuits including adequate to satisfy this requirement. However, for amplifiers, logic circuits, power supplies and those who may need a refresher or have had oscillators. previous problems with mathematics, Appendix 6 The book is ideal for people who are studying will provide you with the underpinning electronics for the first time at any level including a mathematical knowledge required. wide range of school and college courses. It is In the later chapters of the book, a number of equally well suited to those who may be returning representative circuits (with component values) to study or who may be studying independently as have been included together with sufficient well as those who may need a quick refresher. The information to allow you to adapt and modify the book has 19 chapters, each dealing with a particular circuits for your own use. These circuits can be topic, and eight appendices containing useful used to form the basis of your own practical information. The approach is topic-based rather investigations or they can be combined together in than syllabus-based and each major topic looks at a more complex circuits. particular application of electronics. The relevant Finally, you can learn a great deal from building, theory is introduced on a progressive basis and testing and modifying simple circuits. To do this delivered in manageable chunks. you will need access to a few basic tools and some In order to give you an appreciation of the minimal test equipment. Your first purchase should solution of simple numerical problems related to be a simple multi-range meter, either digital or the operation of basic circuits, worked examples analogue. This instrument will allow you to have been liberally included within the text. In measure the voltages and currents present so that addition, a number of problems can be found at the you can compare them with the predicted values. If end of each chapter and solutions are provided at you are attending a formal course of instruction and the end of the book. You can use these end-of- have access to an electronics laboratory, do make chapter problems to check your understanding and full use of it! viii PREFACE 24 weeks) to deliver in which the total of 90 hours Anote for teachers and lecturers of study time should be divided equally into theory (supported by problem solving) and practical (laboratory and assignment work). The The book is ideal for students following formal recommended four or five assignments will require courses (e.g. GCSE, AS, A-level, BTEC, City and about 25 to 30 hours of student work to complete. Guilds, etc.) in schools, sixth-form colleges, and Finally, when constructing a teaching programme it further/higher education colleges. It is equally well is, of course, essential to check that you fully suited for use as a text that can support distance or comply with the requirements of the awarding body flexible learning and for those who may need a concerning assessment and that the syllabus ‘refresher’ before studying electronics at a higher coverage is adequate. level. While the book assumes little previous knowledge students need to be able to manipulate Mike Tooley basic formulae and understand some simple January 2006 trigonometry to follow the numerical examples. A study of mathematics to GCSE level (or beyond) will normally be adequate to satisfy this requirement. However, an appendix has been added specifically to support students who may have difficulty with mathematics. Students will require a scientific calculator in order to tackle the end-of- chapter problems as well as the revision problems that appear at the end of the book. We have also included 21 sample coursework assignments. These are open-ended and can be modified or extended to suit the requirements of the particular awarding body. The assignments have been divided into those that are broadly at Level 2 and those that are at Level 3. In order to give reasonable coverage of the subject, students should normally be expected to complete between four and five of these assignments. Teachers can differentiate students’ work by mixing assignments from the two levels. In order to challenge students, minimal information should be given to students at the start of each assignment. The aim should be that of giving students ‘food for thought’ and encouraging them to develop their own solutions and interpretation of the topic. Where this text is to be used to support formal teaching it is suggested that the chapters should be followed broadly in the order that they appear with the notable exception of Chapter 14. Topics from this chapter should be introduced at an early stage in order to support formal lab work. Assuming a notional delivery time of 4.5 hours per week, the material contained in this book (together with supporting laboratory exercises and assignments) will require approximately two academic terms (i.e. A word about safety When working on electronic circuits, personal The severity of electric shock depends upon several safety (both yours and of those around you) should factors including the magnitude of the current, be paramount in everything that you do. Hazards whether it is alternating or direct current, and its can exist within many circuits—even those that, on precise path through the body. The magnitude of the face of it, may appear to be totally safe. the current depends upon the voltage which is Inadvertent misconnection of a supply, incorrect applied and the resistance of the body. The earthing, reverse connection of a high-value electrical energy developed in the body will depend electrolytic capacitor, and incorrect component upon the time for which the current flows. The substitution can all result in serious hazards to duration of contact is also crucial in determining personal safety as a consequence of fire, explosion the eventual physiological effects of the shock. As or the generation of toxic fumes. a rough guide, and assuming that the voltage Potential hazards can be easily recognized and it applied is from the 250 V 50 Hz a.c. mains supply, is well worth making yourself familiar with them the following effects are typical: but perhaps the most important point to make is that electricity acts very quickly and you should always think carefully before working on circuits Current Physiological effect where mains or high voltages (i.e. those over 50 V, less than 1 mA Not usually noticeable or so) are present. Failure to observe this simple precaution can result in the very real risk of electric 1mA to 2 mA Threshold of perception shock. (a slight tingle may be felt) Voltages in many items of electronic equipment, 2mA to 4 mA Mild shock (effects of current including all items which derive their power from flow are felt) the a.c. mains supply, are at a level which can cause sufficient current flow in the body to disrupt 4mA to 10 mA Serious shock (shock is felt normal operation of the heart. The threshold will be as pain) even lower for anyone with a defective heart. 10 mA to 20 mA Motor nerve paralysis may Bodily contact with mains or high-voltage circuits occur (unable to let go) can thus be lethal. The most critical path for electric current within the body (i.e. the one that is 20 mA to 50 mA Respiratory control inhibited most likely to stop the heart) is that which exists (breathing may stop) from one hand to the other. The hand-to-foot path is also dangerous but somewhat less dangerous than more than 50 mA Ventricular fibrillation of the hand-to-hand path. heart muscle (heart failure) So, before you start to work on an item of electronic equipment, it is essential not only to It is important to note that the figures are quoted as switch off but to disconnect the equipment at the a guide—there have been cases of lethal shocks mains by removing the mains plug. If you have to resulting from contact with much lower voltages make measurements or carry out adjustments on a and at relatively small values of current. The upshot piece of working (or ‘live’) equipment, a useful of all this is simply that any potential in excess of precaution is that of using one hand only to perform 50 V should be considered dangerous. Lesser the adjustment or to make the measurement. Your potentials may, under unusual circumstances, also ‘spare’ hand should be placed safely away from be dangerous. As such, it is wise to get into the contact with anything metal (including the chassis habit of treating all electrical and electronic of the equipment which may, or may not, be circuits with great care. earthed).

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means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher a wide range of electronic circuits including amplifiers used to represent the components and devices. A.
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