Electronic circuit analysis and design

1274 Pages·2001·120.77 MB·English

by  Donald A. Neamen.

lllllF TAILI OF COllTlllTS

PWI

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPUCATIONS

Cllaplet1

Semiconductor Materials and Diodes 3

�r2

Diode Circuits 49

Clwplet3

The Bipolar Junction Transisto r

97

Clllpltr4

Basic BJT Amplifiers 163

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The Field-Eff�t Tr ansistor 243

Cllll*t•

Basic FET Amplifiers 313

Cllll*t1

Frequency Response 383

Cllll*t•

Outp11t Stages and Power Amplifiers 469

PMTll

ANALOG ELECTRONICS 519

CNpllrt

The Ideal Operational Amplifier 52 l

� 10

Integrated Circuit Biasing and Active Loads 577

�11

Differential and Multislage Amplifiers 639

CMplw12

Feedback and Stability 727

Clltjller 13

Operational Amplifier Circuits 817

CMplitfU

Nonideil EtTo:ts in Operalional Amplifier Circuits 871

�u

Applie<1tions and Desisn of Integrated Circuits 923
Brief Table of Cun11:nt�

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PARTlll

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1001

CIMp4er1$

MOSFET Digital Circuits 1003

ChlP"'11

Bipolar Digital Circuits I 113

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llldtl 1211

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1173
C O M T l ll T S

PARTI

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPLICATIONS

Chtpltt'1

Semicootktetor Materials and Diodes

1.0

I. I

3

Pre\liew 3
Semiconductor Materials a1141 Properties

4

4

7

I.I.I Intrinsic Semiconductors
1.1.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors
I . I ..3 Drift and Diffusion Currents

I. I.4

l.l

Excess Carriers

The pn J•nction

9

11

12

12

14

16

1.2. I Th� Equilibrium pn Junction
I ..:!.'.! Reverse-Biased pn Junction
1.2.J Forward-Biased pn Junction
12.4 Ideal Current-Voltage Relationship
I .:!.5 pn Junction Diode

17

18

t.3

Diode Circuits: DC Analysis and Models

I J. I

I J.2

LU

l.J.4

1.4

23

Iteration and Graphical Analysis Techniques

Piecewise Linear Model 27

(\)mputer Simulation and Analysis 30

31

Diode C ircuits: AC F..quhalent Circ•it

1.4.1

1.4.2

l.S

Summary of Diode Models

Sinusoidal Analysis 31

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit

Other Diode Types 35

I. 5.1 Solar Cell 35
1.5.2 PhiJtodiode 36

Ught·Emiuing Diode

1.6 Summary

Cherkpoint

36

41

41

Review Questions 41

Probleins 42
Computer Sim1dation Problems

Design Problems 47

47

35

31

24

I
1vi

. . ...

Contents

Cttsplw2

Diodt Circ1its 49

2.0

2.1

Preview 49

Redifier Cir�11its

2.1.1

2.2

2.J

SO

Half-Wave Rectification 50
Problem-Solving Technique: Diode Circuits 51
2.1.l Full-Wave Rectificalion 53
2. U Filters. Ripple Voltage. and Diode Current 56
2.1.4 Voltage Doubler Circuit 63
Zener Diode Circuits 64
2.2. l Ideal Voltage Reference Circuit 64
2.2.2 Zener Resistance and Percent Regulation 67

Clipper and Clamper Circuits 68

Clippers

2.4

68
2.3. I
2.3.2 Clampers 72
MultipleeDiode Circuics 75
2.4.1 Example Diode Circuits

7S

Prot>lem·Solving Technique: Multiple Diode Circuits

2.4.2

2.S

79

80

Photodiode and LED Circuits 82

2.5. I

2.5.2

2.6

Diode Logic Circuits

Photodiode Circuit

LF.D Circuit

Summary

Cbe<'kpoint

82

85

85

Review Qu�1ions

Problems

83

86

86

Compuler Simulatio-o Problems

Design Problems

94

'>S

Cllapter3

The Bipolar J1111ctio• Transistor 97

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Preview 97

Basic Bipolar Junction Traa§istor 97

11.1 T rmsistor Str11ctures 9&
3.1.2 npn Transistor: Forward-Active Mode Operation 99
3.1.3 pnp Transistor: Fonvard-Acrive Mode Operation 104
3.1.4 Circuit Symbols and Conventions 105
ll.5 Current-Voltage Characteristics 107
3.1.6 Nonidcal Transistor Leakage Currenis and Breakdown
Voltage 110
DC Analysis of Tramistor Circuits 113
3.2..l Common-Emitter Circuit 114
3.2.2 Load Line and Modes of Operation 117

Problem-Solving Technique: Bipolar OC Analysis

120
Contenls

3.3

3.2.3 Common Bipolar Circuits: DC Analysis
Bask Tramistor Applicaliom 131

121

3.3.1 Switch 13 l
3.3.2 Digital Logic 133
U.3 Amplifier 134

3.4 Bipolar Transistor Biasing 138

3.4.1 Single Base Resistor Biasing 138
3.4.2 Voltage Divider Biasing and Bias Stability

3.4.3

3.5

3.6

Integrated Circuit Biasing

M.altistage Circuits

Sum..ary

Checkpoint

140

145

147

150

151

Review Questions 151

Problems 151
Compttter Analysis Problems

Design Problems

160

161

Cllll*r4

Basic BJl Amplifiers

4.D

4.1

4.2

Preview

163

163

Analog Signals an• Linear Amplifiers
The Bipolar Linear Ampliler 165 163

4.2.1 Graphical Analysis and AC Equivalen1 Circuit 166
4.2.2 Small-Signal Hybrid-ir Equivalent Circuit of 1he Bipolar
Transis1or 170
Pr()blem·Solving Technique: Bipolar AC Analysis 17S
4.:U Hybrid-:n Equivalent Circuil. Including the Early Effect 176
4.2.4 Expanded Hybrid-it Equivalenl Circuil 180
4.2.5 Other Small-Signal Parameters and Equi11alent Circuits 180

4.3

Bask Transistor Amplifier Configurations 18S

203
Problem-Solving Technique: Maximum Symmetrical Swing 204

205

4.4 Common-Emitter l\mplifiers 189
4.4.1 Basic Commoo·Emitter Amplifier Circuit 190
4.4.2 Circuit with Emiuer Resistor 11)2
4.4.) Circuit with Emitter-8ypa�-s Capaci1or 196
4.4.4 Advanced Common-Emitter Amplifier ConceplS 199
4.5 AC Load Line Analysis 200
4.5.1 AC Load Line 200
4.S.2 Maximum Symmetrical Swing
4.6 Common-Collector (E..itter-Follower) Amp1ifier
4.6.1 Small-Signal Voltage Gain 205
4.6.2 Input and Output Impedance 207
4.6.3 Small-Signal Current Gain 209
xviii

Contenls

4.7

Commo•Base Amplifte r 214
4.7. I Small-Signal Voltage and Current Gains

4.7.2

4.8

4.9

Input and Output Impedance

214

216

The Three Basi( Amplifiers: Summary and Comparisoo

Multistage Amplifiers

4.9. I

218

219

Multistage Analysis: Cascade Configuration

4.9.2 Cascode Configuration

4.10

4.11

Power CoMiderations

Smnmary

Checkpoint

219

223

216

229

229

Review Questio�

Problems

229

230

Co111p11ter Simubtion Problems

Design Problems

241

242

CllaflerS

Tbt Field-Effect Tra�stor

5.0

S.1

Preview

243

243

MOS Field-Effect Tra�tor

5.1.1

243

Two· Terminal MOS Str u..:ture 244

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5.1.2

5. D

n-Cbannel Enhancemenl-Mode MOSFET 246

Ideal MOSfET Current-Voltage Characteristics

Circuit Symbols and Conventions

· : • ·..
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5.J.5

5.1.6

5.1.7

S.2

248

253

Additional MOSFET Structures and Circuit Symbols

Summary of Transistor Operation

253

25�

Nonideal Current-Vcltage Characteristics

MOSFET DC Circuit Analysis

259

262

263

267

5.'.!. I Contmon·Sourcc Cir(uit
5.2.2 Load Linc and Modes of Operation
Problem-Solving Tochnique: MOSFET DC Analysis

5.2.J

5.2 .4

. . ': .

5.3

Common MOSFET Configurations:

Co11stant..('urrent Source Biasing

DC

26&

Analysis 269

2.81

Basic MOSFET Applications: Switc•. Digital Logic Gate, and
Amplifier 283

I nverter

283

285

5.U NMOS
5.3.2 Digital Logic Gate
SJ.3 MOSFET Small-Signal Amplifier

5.4 Junction Field-Effect Traasistor

287

287

JFET and MESFET Operation 288

292

5.4. l pn
5.4.2 Current-Voltage Characteristics
5.4.3 C'ommon JfET Configu �ations: DC Analysis

S.5 Swnmary 30 I

Checkpoint 302
Review QuestiOllS 302

295
.
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.

Problems J03

Comp•ter Simulation Problems 311

Design Problems 31 I

ChaptH•

Basic FET Amplfiers

6.0

6.1

Pre\'iew

.
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313

313

The MOSFET Amplifier 313
6.1.1 Graphical Analysis. Load Lines. and Small-Signal Parameter� 314
ti.I. 2 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 318

Prohlcm·Solving fC(hnique: MOSFET AC AMlysis
6.1.J Modeling the Body Effe(t 32.!

6.2

41.3

Basic Tra�stor Amplifier Configurations

The Comroon-Source Amplifier

6. �.I

6.3.2
&.J3

6.4

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320

323

324

Basic Common-Source Connguration 324

Common-Source Amplifier with Source Resistor 329
Common-Source Circuit with Source Bypass C apacitor

3�1

l'he Source-Follower A..plifter 334
(>.41 Small-Signal Voltage Gain 334

Input a11d Output Impedance

6.5

The Common-Gate Configuratioo

6.5.1

6.5.2

6.6

<i. 7

.B9

341

Small-Signal Voltage and Current Gains
Input and Output Impedance 343 341

The Three Bask Amplifier Configurations: Summary and
Comparison 345

Single-Stage Integrated Circllit MOSFET Amplifiers

fl. 7. I

h.7.2

34S

NMQS Amplifier with Enhancemenl Load .�45
NMOS Amplifier with Depletion Load 350

NMOS Amplifier with PMOS Load

6.8 Mult�tage Amplifiers

(dU

h.K2

6.9

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355

OC Analysis 356
Small-Signal l\nalysis

Basic JFET Amplifiers

n.'>.l

<•.�.2

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360

362

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
Small-Signal Analysis 364

6. to Summary

Checkpoint

362

� · . .

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368

.308

Review Questions

Problems

369

370

Comp•ter Simulation Problems

Design Problems 380

380

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7.6.2

7.6.3

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Con1ents

8.2 Power Tratwistors 470

8.2.I

8.2.2

8.2.3

8.3

Power BJTs 470

Power MOSFETs

Heat Sinks

474

477

Classes of Amplifiers 480

8.3. I Class-A Operatio n 48 l
8.3.2 Class-B Operation 484
8.3.3 Class-AB Operation 489
IU.4 Class-C Operation 493

8.4 Class--A Power Amplifiers

8.4. I

8.4.2

8.4.3

8.5

494

lnd11ctively Coupled Amplifier

Tra11sfonner-Coupled

494

Common-Emitter Amplifier

Transformer-Coupled Emitter·Follower Amplifier

Class-AB Push-Pull Complementary Output Stages

8.S. I

Class-AB Output Stage with Diode Bias�ng

495

497

499

499

SOI

8.5.2 Class-AB Biasing Using the JIBf: Multiplier
R.S.3 Class-AB Output Stage with Input Buffer Transistors
8.5.4 Class-AB Output Stage Utilizing the Darlington
Configuration 507

8.6 Summary 508
Chfclpoint SO�
Review Questions 509
Problems 51(�
Computer Simulation Problems 516
Design Problems 517

PAllTI

ANALOG ELECTRONICS 519

Cbaptert

The Heal Operational A11plifier 521

9.0
9.1 PreTiew 521
The Operational Amplifier 521

9.1. I

91.2

9 IJ
9 1.4

9.?

Ideal Parameters 522

Development of the Ideal Parameters

Analysis Method

PSpice Modeling

S23

525

S26

Inverting Amplifier 526

9.2.1

Basic Amplifier 527

Problem-Solving Technique: Ideal Op·Amp Circuits

9.2.2

9.2.1

9.3
9.4

Amplifier with a T-Network

Effect of Finite Gain

532

Summing Amplifier 534
Noainvertiag AmpWler 536

530

529

504
xxii

<."0111ents

9.4. I Bask· Amplific:r 536
9.4.2 Volta£e foll<>wer 537

9.5 Op-Amp Applicaoons 539

9.5. l Curren1-10-Voltagc Co11vette1 5�9
9.5.2 Volrnge-to-Current Converter 540

9.5.J

9.5.4

9.6

Differen� Amplifier 54�

Instrumentation Amplilier 548

9.5.5 Integrator and Differentiator
9.5.6 Nonlinem Cin:uit l\pplica1ion$
Op-Anip Circuit Oesigh 555 550

553

SSS

Source De�ign SSB

9.6. I Summing Op-Amp Circuit Design
9.6.2 Reference Voilage
9.6.J Ditleren-ce Amplifier and Bridge Circuit Design

9.7 Summary

Checkpoint

Ptoblems

560

562

563

563

Computer Simulation Prob1e..s 575

Chapter10

Integrated Cir�uit Biasi1g and Active Loa4s

HJ.O

JO.I

Preview

577

517

Bipolar lra11sistor Current Sources

I0.1.1

10.1.�

Two-Tr..1n�ist(lf Current

577

Somce 578

lmpm\'ed Current-Soul'ce ('in:ttits ��(1

Problc:rn·SQlvin� Technique: BJr Current Sour� C'ircuits

10. U

10.1.4

Widl;tr Current Source

5\<9

589

Muhitrnn1'istor Curren1 Mirrors 595

598 1().2 FET Curre11t Sourcts
10.2.1 Basic Two·Transistor MOSFET Curren1 Source
Problem-Solvillg T�hnique: MOSFET Current·Source

598

Circuit

10.2.2

IO. .:u

I0.2.4

I0.3

Multi-MOSFET Current-Source Circui1&

Bias-Independent Current Source

JFET Current Sources

Cir�uits with Active Loads

b02

603

607

609

611

612

BJT Activ� Load Circuit

614

10.3.4

JO.'.\. I DC l\nalysis: BJT Active Load Circuit
10..\2 Ve>llage Gain:
10.�.3 1x· Analysis: MOSFET Active Load Circuit
Voltage GJin: MOSFET Active Load Circuit

I0.3.5

10.4

Di<ocussi<>n

616

618

618

Small-Signal Analysis: Active Load Circuits

10.4. I Small-Signal Analysis: BJT Active

Problem-Solving 'Technique: Active Loads

10.4.2

10.4.3

'.•'

619

Load Circui1 619

621

Small-Signal Analysis: MOSFET Active Load Circuit 622
Small-Signal Analysis: Advanced MOSFET Active Load 623