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Electronic circuit analysis and design PDF

1274 Pages·2001·120.77 MB·English
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lllllF TAILI OF COllTlllTS PWI SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPUCATIONS Cllaplet1 Semiconductor Materials and Diodes 3 �r2 Diode Circuits 49 Clwplet3 The Bipolar Junction Transisto r 97 Clllpltr4 Basic BJT Amplifiers 163 �$ The Field-Eff�t Tr ansistor 243 Cllll*t• Basic FET Amplifiers 313 Cllll*t1 Frequency Response 383 Cllll*t• Outp11t Stages and Power Amplifiers 469 PMTll ANALOG ELECTRONICS 519 CNpllrt The Ideal Operational Amplifier 52 l � 10 Integrated Circuit Biasing and Active Loads 577 �11 Differential and Multislage Amplifiers 639 CMplw12 Feedback and Stability 727 Clltjller 13 Operational Amplifier Circuits 817 CMplitfU Nonideil EtTo:ts in Operalional Amplifier Circuits 871 �u Applie<1tions and Desisn of Integrated Circuits 923 Brief Table of Cun11:nt� ... �. · . . .';.; . PARTlll DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1001 CIMp4er1$ MOSFET Digital Circuits 1003 ChlP"'11 Bipolar Digital Circuits I 113 �l� llldtl 1211 �.� : . :. ·.�;�� ; . ; -'::'!: � . ·,·· . ; :: ' . . .... . . ·:� · �;r�1 . .:. ·:·.•: ;:..::;1;;;.i fr;. � f:,;f; , ,""..��.::�!�::< .; : . · : �- 1173 C O M T l ll T S PARTI SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPLICATIONS Chtpltt'1 Semicootktetor Materials and Diodes 1.0 I. I 3 Pre\liew 3 Semiconductor Materials a1141 Properties 4 4 7 I.I.I Intrinsic Semiconductors 1.1.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors I . I ..3 Drift and Diffusion Currents I. I.4 l.l Excess Carriers The pn J•nction 9 11 12 12 14 16 1.2. I Th� Equilibrium pn Junction I ..:!.'.! Reverse-Biased pn Junction 1.2.J Forward-Biased pn Junction 12.4 Ideal Current-Voltage Relationship I .:!.5 pn Junction Diode 17 18 t.3 Diode Circuits: DC Analysis and Models I J. I I J.2 LU l.J.4 1.4 23 Iteration and Graphical Analysis Techniques Piecewise Linear Model 27 (\)mputer Simulation and Analysis 30 31 Diode C ircuits: AC F..quhalent Circ•it 1.4.1 1.4.2 l.S Summary of Diode Models Sinusoidal Analysis 31 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Other Diode Types 35 I. 5.1 Solar Cell 35 1.5.2 PhiJtodiode 36 Ught·Emiuing Diode 1.6 Summary Cherkpoint 36 41 41 Review Questions 41 Probleins 42 Computer Sim1dation Problems Design Problems 47 47 35 31 24 I 1vi . . ... Contents Cttsplw2 Diodt Circ1its 49 2.0 2.1 Preview 49 Redifier Cir�11its 2.1.1 2.2 2.J SO Half-Wave Rectification 50 Problem-Solving Technique: Diode Circuits 51 2.1.l Full-Wave Rectificalion 53 2. U Filters. Ripple Voltage. and Diode Current 56 2.1.4 Voltage Doubler Circuit 63 Zener Diode Circuits 64 2.2. l Ideal Voltage Reference Circuit 64 2.2.2 Zener Resistance and Percent Regulation 67 Clipper and Clamper Circuits 68 Clippers 2.4 68 2.3. I 2.3.2 Clampers 72 MultipleeDiode Circuics 75 2.4.1 Example Diode Circuits 7S Prot>lem·Solving Technique: Multiple Diode Circuits 2.4.2 2.S 79 80 Photodiode and LED Circuits 82 2.5. I 2.5.2 2.6 Diode Logic Circuits Photodiode Circuit LF.D Circuit Summary Cbe<'kpoint 82 85 85 Review Qu�1ions Problems 83 86 86 Compuler Simulatio-o Problems Design Problems 94 '>S Cllapter3 The Bipolar J1111ctio• Transistor 97 : ·�·:· ·· . :·. :; · . . . 3.0 3. I 3 .l {�� :} :-'.\�'.i .. . +t!, ·· · · . . · · ' •· :· : . !;:: 1:..... . �:!':.�.::.�0 1·)� . �·-· :··:•·�··:·::·:̎··: ...•'. .·�·::·:··; ..····· ··.·. :··•-· ·.·̎•··· :· ;·.•:�_·. . . . . . · . ; '• ·· .. · ·· · ·· · : · ... ..:: .. ·:.... . . , · .. .·· . :. . , • �J�i.�z:i:1iff. . ...... �...·.. -. .··'. . •.·: . . . .:�·..··'.��·... .. . ·· ·.....·́ -.. Preview 97 Basic Bipolar Junction Traa§istor 97 11.1 T rmsistor Str11ctures 9& 3.1.2 npn Transistor: Forward-Active Mode Operation 99 3.1.3 pnp Transistor: Fonvard-Acrive Mode Operation 104 3.1.4 Circuit Symbols and Conventions 105 ll.5 Current-Voltage Characteristics 107 3.1.6 Nonidcal Transistor Leakage Currenis and Breakdown Voltage 110 DC Analysis of Tramistor Circuits 113 3.2..l Common-Emitter Circuit 114 3.2.2 Load Line and Modes of Operation 117 Problem-Solving Technique: Bipolar OC Analysis 120 Contenls 3.3 3.2.3 Common Bipolar Circuits: DC Analysis Bask Tramistor Applicaliom 131 121 3.3.1 Switch 13 l 3.3.2 Digital Logic 133 U.3 Amplifier 134 3.4 Bipolar Transistor Biasing 138 3.4.1 Single Base Resistor Biasing 138 3.4.2 Voltage Divider Biasing and Bias Stability 3.4.3 3.5 3.6 Integrated Circuit Biasing M.altistage Circuits Sum..ary Checkpoint 140 145 147 150 151 Review Questions 151 Problems 151 Compttter Analysis Problems Design Problems 160 161 Cllll*r4 Basic BJl Amplifiers 4.D 4.1 4.2 Preview 163 163 Analog Signals an• Linear Amplifiers The Bipolar Linear Ampliler 165 163 4.2.1 Graphical Analysis and AC Equivalen1 Circuit 166 4.2.2 Small-Signal Hybrid-ir Equivalent Circuit of 1he Bipolar Transis1or 170 Pr()blem·Solving Technique: Bipolar AC Analysis 17S 4.:U Hybrid-:n Equivalent Circuil. Including the Early Effect 176 4.2.4 Expanded Hybrid-it Equivalenl Circuil 180 4.2.5 Other Small-Signal Parameters and Equi11alent Circuits 180 4.3 Bask Transistor Amplifier Configurations 18S 203 Problem-Solving Technique: Maximum Symmetrical Swing 204 205 4.4 Common-Emitter l\mplifiers 189 4.4.1 Basic Commoo·Emitter Amplifier Circuit 190 4.4.2 Circuit with Emiuer Resistor 11)2 4.4.) Circuit with Emitter-8ypa�-s Capaci1or 196 4.4.4 Advanced Common-Emitter Amplifier ConceplS 199 4.5 AC Load Line Analysis 200 4.5.1 AC Load Line 200 4.S.2 Maximum Symmetrical Swing 4.6 Common-Collector (E..itter-Follower) Amp1ifier 4.6.1 Small-Signal Voltage Gain 205 4.6.2 Input and Output Impedance 207 4.6.3 Small-Signal Current Gain 209 xviii Contenls 4.7 Commo•Base Amplifte r 214 4.7. I Small-Signal Voltage and Current Gains 4.7.2 4.8 4.9 Input and Output Impedance 214 216 The Three Basi( Amplifiers: Summary and Comparisoo Multistage Amplifiers 4.9. I 218 219 Multistage Analysis: Cascade Configuration 4.9.2 Cascode Configuration 4.10 4.11 Power CoMiderations Smnmary Checkpoint 219 223 216 229 229 Review Questio� Problems 229 230 Co111p11ter Simubtion Problems Design Problems 241 242 CllaflerS Tbt Field-Effect Tra�stor 5.0 S.1 Preview 243 243 MOS Field-Effect Tra�tor 5.1.1 243 Two· Terminal MOS Str u..:ture 244 . .. :. .< 5.1.2 5. D n-Cbannel Enhancemenl-Mode MOSFET 246 Ideal MOSfET Current-Voltage Characteristics Circuit Symbols and Conventions · : • ·.. • · . 5.J.5 5.1.6 5.1.7 S.2 248 253 Additional MOSFET Structures and Circuit Symbols Summary of Transistor Operation 253 25� Nonideal Current-Vcltage Characteristics MOSFET DC Circuit Analysis 259 262 263 267 5.'.!. I Contmon·Sourcc Cir(uit 5.2.2 Load Linc and Modes of Operation Problem-Solving Tochnique: MOSFET DC Analysis 5.2.J 5.2 .4 . . ': . 5.3 Common MOSFET Configurations: Co11stant..('urrent Source Biasing DC 26& Analysis 269 2.81 Basic MOSFET Applications: Switc•. Digital Logic Gate, and Amplifier 283 I nverter 283 285 5.U NMOS 5.3.2 Digital Logic Gate SJ.3 MOSFET Small-Signal Amplifier 5.4 Junction Field-Effect Traasistor 287 287 JFET and MESFET Operation 288 292 5.4. l pn 5.4.2 Current-Voltage Characteristics 5.4.3 C'ommon JfET Configu �ations: DC Analysis S.5 Swnmary 30 I Checkpoint 302 Review QuestiOllS 302 295 . ; :· · . Problems J03 Comp•ter Simulation Problems 311 Design Problems 31 I ChaptH• Basic FET Amplfiers 6.0 6.1 Pre\'iew . .,, 313 313 The MOSFET Amplifier 313 6.1.1 Graphical Analysis. Load Lines. and Small-Signal Parameter� 314 ti.I. 2 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 318 Prohlcm·Solving fC(hnique: MOSFET AC AMlysis 6.1.J Modeling the Body Effe(t 32.! 6.2 41.3 Basic Tra�stor Amplifier Configurations The Comroon-Source Amplifier 6. �.I 6.3.2 &.J3 6.4 /\ . :� < :. . . -: 320 323 324 Basic Common-Source Connguration 324 Common-Source Amplifier with Source Resistor 329 Common-Source Circuit with Source Bypass C apacitor 3�1 l'he Source-Follower A..plifter 334 (>.41 Small-Signal Voltage Gain 334 Input a11d Output Impedance 6.5 The Common-Gate Configuratioo 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.6 <i. 7 .B9 341 Small-Signal Voltage and Current Gains Input and Output Impedance 343 341 The Three Bask Amplifier Configurations: Summary and Comparison 345 Single-Stage Integrated Circllit MOSFET Amplifiers fl. 7. I h.7.2 34S NMQS Amplifier with Enhancemenl Load .�45 NMOS Amplifier with Depletion Load 350 NMOS Amplifier with PMOS Load 6.8 Mult�tage Amplifiers (dU h.K2 6.9 ··: . ·. • • • • • � • .i53 355 OC Analysis 356 Small-Signal l\nalysis Basic JFET Amplifiers n.'>.l <•.�.2 . . � 360 362 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Small-Signal Analysis 364 6. to Summary Checkpoint 362 � · . . :. : : . 368 .308 Review Questions Problems 369 370 Comp•ter Simulation Problems Design Problems 380 380 . . . : . . . " · ;··; ··· t : 7.6.2 7.6.3 . ;·.: . .... •... Con1ents 8.2 Power Tratwistors 470 8.2.I 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.3 Power BJTs 470 Power MOSFETs Heat Sinks 474 477 Classes of Amplifiers 480 8.3. I Class-A Operatio n 48 l 8.3.2 Class-B Operation 484 8.3.3 Class-AB Operation 489 IU.4 Class-C Operation 493 8.4 Class--A Power Amplifiers 8.4. I 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.5 494 lnd11ctively Coupled Amplifier Tra11sfonner-Coupled 494 Common-Emitter Amplifier Transformer-Coupled Emitter·Follower Amplifier Class-AB Push-Pull Complementary Output Stages 8.S. I Class-AB Output Stage with Diode Bias�ng 495 497 499 499 SOI 8.5.2 Class-AB Biasing Using the JIBf: Multiplier R.S.3 Class-AB Output Stage with Input Buffer Transistors 8.5.4 Class-AB Output Stage Utilizing the Darlington Configuration 507 8.6 Summary 508 Chfclpoint SO� Review Questions 509 Problems 51(� Computer Simulation Problems 516 Design Problems 517 PAllTI ANALOG ELECTRONICS 519 Cbaptert The Heal Operational A11plifier 521 9.0 9.1 PreTiew 521 The Operational Amplifier 521 9.1. I 91.2 9 IJ 9 1.4 9.? Ideal Parameters 522 Development of the Ideal Parameters Analysis Method PSpice Modeling S23 525 S26 Inverting Amplifier 526 9.2.1 Basic Amplifier 527 Problem-Solving Technique: Ideal Op·Amp Circuits 9.2.2 9.2.1 9.3 9.4 Amplifier with a T-Network Effect of Finite Gain 532 Summing Amplifier 534 Noainvertiag AmpWler 536 530 529 504 xxii <."0111ents 9.4. I Bask· Amplific:r 536 9.4.2 Volta£e foll<>wer 537 9.5 Op-Amp Applicaoons 539 9.5. l Curren1-10-Voltagc Co11vette1 5�9 9.5.2 Volrnge-to-Current Converter 540 9.5.J 9.5.4 9.6 Differen� Amplifier 54� Instrumentation Amplilier 548 9.5.5 Integrator and Differentiator 9.5.6 Nonlinem Cin:uit l\pplica1ion$ Op-Anip Circuit Oesigh 555 550 553 SSS Source De�ign SSB 9.6. I Summing Op-Amp Circuit Design 9.6.2 Reference Voilage 9.6.J Ditleren-ce Amplifier and Bridge Circuit Design 9.7 Summary Checkpoint Ptoblems 560 562 563 563 Computer Simulation Prob1e..s 575 Chapter10 Integrated Cir�uit Biasi1g and Active Loa4s HJ.O JO.I Preview 577 517 Bipolar lra11sistor Current Sources I0.1.1 10.1.� Two-Tr..1n�ist(lf Current 577 Somce 578 lmpm\'ed Current-Soul'ce ('in:ttits ��(1 Problc:rn·SQlvin� Technique: BJr Current Sour� C'ircuits 10. U 10.1.4 Widl;tr Current Source 5\<9 589 Muhitrnn1'istor Curren1 Mirrors 595 598 1().2 FET Curre11t Sourcts 10.2.1 Basic Two·Transistor MOSFET Curren1 Source Problem-Solvillg T�hnique: MOSFET Current·Source 598 Circuit 10.2.2 IO. .:u I0.2.4 I0.3 Multi-MOSFET Current-Source Circui1& Bias-Independent Current Source JFET Current Sources Cir�uits with Active Loads b02 603 607 609 611 612 BJT Activ� Load Circuit 614 10.3.4 JO.'.\. I DC l\nalysis: BJT Active Load Circuit 10..\2 Ve>llage Gain: 10.�.3 1x· Analysis: MOSFET Active Load Circuit Voltage GJin: MOSFET Active Load Circuit I0.3.5 10.4 Di<ocussi<>n 616 618 618 Small-Signal Analysis: Active Load Circuits 10.4. I Small-Signal Analysis: BJT Active Problem-Solving 'Technique: Active Loads 10.4.2 10.4.3 '.•' 619 Load Circui1 619 621 Small-Signal Analysis: MOSFET Active Load Circuit 622 Small-Signal Analysis: Advanced MOSFET Active Load 623

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