Electron Lenses for Super-Colliders

199 Pages·2016·8.316 MB·English

by  Vladimir D. Shiltsev (auth.)

Particle Acceleration and Detection
Vladimir D. Shiltsev
Electron
Lenses for
Super-
Colliders
Electron Lenses for Super-Colliders
Particle Acceleration and Detection
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Vladimir D. Shiltsev
Electron Lenses
for Super-Colliders
VladimirD.Shiltsev
AcceleratorPhysicsCenter
FermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratory
Batavia,IL,USA
ISSN1611-1052
ParticleAccelerationandDetection
ISBN978-1-4939-3315-0 ISBN978-1-4939-3317-4 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4939-3317-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015953777
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
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This book is dedicated to the memories
of Gennady F. Kuznetsov (1938–2011)
and David Wildman (1950–2014)—
our late colleagues, who made possible
the first Tevatron electron lenses and,
thus, this book.

Preface
Theintentofthisbookistogiveacomprehensiveoverviewoftheelectronlenses—
anovelinstrumentforhigh-energyparticleaccelerators,particularlyfortheenergy-
frontiersuperconductinghadroncolliders(whichareoftencalled“supercolliders”).
Threesuchcolliderswerebuilt—theTevatronatFermilab, theRelativistic Heavy
IonCollideratBNL,andtheLargeHadronCollideratCERN—andeachofthese
machines represents an epoch in particle physics research. While construction of
the87-km-longSuperconductingSuperColliderinTexaswasterminatedin1993,
conceptsofevenlargerproton-protoncollidersarebeingactivelydevelopednowin
China,Europe,andintheUSA.Thesupercollidersarearguablythemostcomplex
research instruments ever built, and they are widely recognized for many techno-
logical breakthroughs and numerous physics discoveries. Their complexity and
typicallyveryhighcost,callforsuperbperformanceandhighluminosityofthese
machines as much is desired in the return on the investment. As the result, many
advances in accelerator physics and technology have been implemented at the
supercolliders,includingtheelectronlenses—thesubjectofthisbook.Theelectron
lenses have been proposed and employed for compensation of the beam-beam
effects and for collimation of the high-energy high-intensity beams. Also, the use
of the electron lenses for compensation of the space-charge effects and other
accelerator applications is being actively pursued both theoretically and
experimentally.
Inthisbook,Icoherentlydescribethetechnologyandthephysicsoftheelectron
lenses for high-energy hadron colliders and present theoretical and experimental
works to date in uniform fashion. Throughout the text, I use the same symbol
definitions and provide references which are readily available for the reader. For
example, all the references to the proceedings of the International, European, and
IEEE article accelerator conferences (PACs) can be found at JACOW website
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/. All cited Fermilab technical publications
are available at inSPIRE http://inspirehep.net/. Many articles from leading accel-
erator science and technology open-access journals, such as Physical Review
SpecialTopics:AcceleratorsandBeams(PRST-AB)http://journals.aps.org/prstab/
vii
viii Preface
and Journal of Instrumentation (JINST) http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/, are
citedthroughoutthebook.
InChap.1,Ioutlinethebasicsofthecollidingbeamstechnique,abriefhistory
ofthehadronsuperconductingsupercolliders,mainbeamdynamicschallengesthey
confront, and an overview of the electron lens method and its applications to
address the issues on the way to high performance of such accelerators. The
technology of the electron lenses—from subsystems to beam diagnostics and
integration—is presented inChap. 2, with the Tevatron and RHIC electron lenses
used for illustration. Other chapters are devoted to specific applications of the
electron lenses, such as for compensation of the head-on and long-range beam-
beam effects (Chap. 3), for beam halo collimation (Chap. 4), and for the space-
chargecompensationandotherproposeduses(Chap.5).
About a hundred scientists and engineers were involved in the development of
theelectronlenses,theirconstructionandinstallation,experimentalbeamstudies,
operations, analysis, and upgrades. These efforts span almost two decades and
many leading accelerator centers including Fermilab, BNL, ORNL, ERN, JINR
(Dubna), Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, and IHEP (Protvino), and to them
many thanks are due. Two of our late colleagues deserve special appreciation:
Gennady F. Kuznetsov (1938–2011) and David Wildman (1950–2014), both of
Fermilab,wholedthedesignanddevelopmentofthefirstTevatronelectronlenses
beinginchargeoftheelectromechanicalsystemintegrationandhigh-powerpulsed
HVsystems,respectively.Thisbookisdedicatedtotheirmemory.
Finally,IwouldespeciallyliketothankDr.FrankZimmermannofCERNforhis
encouragement to write and publish this book in the Particle Acceleration and
Detection series, Margaret Bruce for careful reading of the manuscript, and
Springer’seditorialteamfortheirpatienceandvaluablehelp.
Batavia,IL,USA VladimirD.Shiltsev
July2015
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 CollidingBeams.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 1
1.2 LuminosityandBeamDynamicsIssuesinHadron
Supercolliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Beam-BeamandOtherEffectsDuetoCollisions. . . . . . . 10
1.2.2 SingleBeamIssuesinHadronColliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 OverviewoftheElectronLensTechnique
andItsApplicationsinSupercolliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 TechnologyofElectronLenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 MajorRequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 GeneralConsiderationsandSpecifications
ontheElectronLensSubsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 ElectronBeamConsiderations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.2 SideEffectsonHighEnergyBeams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 PracticalImplementationofElectronLenses
intheTevatronandRHIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3.1 MagneticandCryogenicSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3.2 ElectronBeamSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3.3 BeamDiagnosticsandOtherSub-systems. . . . . . . . . .. . . 76
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3 ElectronLensesforBeam-BeamCompensation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1 CompensationofLong-RangeBeam-BeamEffects. . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1.1 SpecificRequirementsfortheLong-Range
Beam-BeamCompensationintheTevatronCollider. . . . . 85
3.1.2 InitialExperimentalCharacterizations
oftheElectronLensEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
ix