Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas

1433 Pages·2016·14.86 MB·English

Electromagnetic
Waves and Antennas

Electromagnetic
Waves and Antennas
Sophocles J. Orfanidis
Rutgers University
To Monica, John and Anna
Copyright©1999–2016bySophoclesJ.Orfanidis
Allrightsreserved. Nopartsofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval
system,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopy-
ing,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionoftheauthor.
MATLAB(cid:2)R isaregisteredtrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.
Webpage: www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa
Contents
Preface xii
1 Maxwell’s Equations 1
1.1 Maxwell’sEquations, 1
1.2 LorentzForce, 2
1.3 ConstitutiveRelations, 3
1.4 NegativeIndexMedia, 7
1.5 BoundaryConditions, 7
1.6 Currents,Fluxes,andConservationLaws, 9
1.7 ChargeConservation, 10
1.8 EnergyFluxandEnergyConservation, 11
1.9 HarmonicTimeDependence, 13
1.10 SimpleModelsofDielectrics,Conductors,andPlasmas, 16
1.11 Dielectrics, 17
1.12 Conductors, 20
1.13 ChargeRelaxationinConductors, 23
1.14 PowerLosses, 23
1.15 Plasmas, 25
1.16 EnergyDensityinLosslessDispersiveDielectrics, 26
1.17 Kramers-KronigDispersionRelations, 27
1.18 GroupVelocity,EnergyVelocity, 29
1.19 Problems, 31
2 Uniform Plane Waves 37
2.1 UniformPlaneWavesinLosslessMedia, 37
2.2 MonochromaticWaves, 43
2.3 EnergyDensityandFlux, 46
2.4 WaveImpedance, 47
2.5 Polarization, 47
2.6 UniformPlaneWavesinLossyMedia, 54
2.7 PropagationinWeaklyLossyDielectrics, 60
2.8 PropagationinGoodConductors, 61
2.9 SkinEffectinCylindricalWires, 62
2.10 PropagationinObliqueDirections, 62
2.11 ComplexorInhomogeneousWaves, 65
2.12 DopplerEffect, 67
v
vi CONTENTS
2.13 PropagationinNegative-IndexMedia, 71
2.14 Problems, 74
3 Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media 83
3.1 PropagationFilter, 83
3.2 FrontVelocityandCausality, 85
3.3 ExactImpulseResponseExamples, 88
3.4 TransientandSteady-StateBehavior, 91
3.5 PulsePropagationandGroupVelocity, 95
3.6 GroupVelocityDispersionandPulseSpreading, 99
3.7 PropagationandChirping, 103
3.8 DispersionCompensation, 105
3.9 Slow,Fast,andNegativeGroupVelocities, 106
3.10 ChirpRadarandPulseCompression, 113
3.11 FurtherReading, 123
3.12 Problems, 124
4 Propagation in Birefringent Media 132
4.1 LinearandCircularBirefringence, 132
4.2 UniaxialandBiaxialMedia, 133
4.3 ChiralMedia, 135
4.4 GyrotropicMedia, 138
4.5 LinearandCircularDichroism, 139
4.6 ObliquePropagationinBirefringentMedia, 140
4.7 Problems, 147
5 Reflection and Transmission 153
5.1 PropagationMatrices, 153
5.2 MatchingMatrices, 157
5.3 ReflectedandTransmittedPower, 160
5.4 SingleDielectricSlab, 163
5.5 ReflectionlessSlab, 166
5.6 Time-DomainReflectionResponse, 174
5.7 TwoDielectricSlabs, 176
5.8 ReflectionbyaMovingBoundary, 178
5.9 Problems, 181
6 Multilayer Structures 186
6.1 MultipleDielectricSlabs, 186
6.2 AntireflectionCoatings, 188
6.3 DielectricMirrors, 193
6.4 PropagationBandgaps, 204
6.5 Narrow-BandTransmissionFilters, 204
6.6 EqualTravel-TimeMultilayerStructures, 209
6.7 ApplicationsofLayeredStructures, 223
6.8 ChebyshevDesignofReflectionlessMultilayers, 227
6.9 Problems, 234
CONTENTS vii
7 Oblique Incidence 241
7.1 ObliqueIncidenceandSnel’sLaws, 241
7.2 TransverseImpedance, 243
7.3 PropagationandMatchingofTransverseFields, 246
7.4 FresnelReflectionCoefficients, 248
7.5 MaximumAngleandCriticalAngle, 250
7.6 BrewsterAngle, 259
7.7 ComplexWaves, 261
7.8 TotalInternalReflection, 264
7.9 ObliqueIncidenceonaLossyMedium, 266
7.10 ZenneckSurfaceWave, 270
7.11 SurfacePlasmons, 272
7.12 ObliqueReflectionfromaMovingBoundary, 275
7.13 GeometricalOptics, 279
7.14 Fermat’sPrinciple, 282
7.15 RayTracing, 284
7.16 Snel’sLawinNegative-IndexMedia, 295
7.17 Problems, 298
8 Multilayer Film Applications 303
8.1 MultilayerDielectricStructuresatObliqueIncidence, 303
8.2 LossyMultilayerStructures, 305
8.3 SingleDielectricSlab, 307
8.4 FrustratedTotalInternalReflection, 309
8.5 SurfacePlasmonResonance, 313
8.6 PerfectLensinNegative-IndexMedia, 322
8.7 AntireflectionCoatingsatObliqueIncidence, 330
8.8 OmnidirectionalDielectricMirrors, 333
8.9 PolarizingBeamSplitters, 344
8.10 ReflectionandRefractioninBirefringentMedia, 346
8.11 BrewsterandCriticalAnglesinBirefringentMedia, 350
8.12 MultilayerBirefringentStructures, 353
8.13 GiantBirefringentOptics, 355
8.14 Problems, 361
9 Waveguides 362
9.1 Longitudinal-TransverseDecompositions, 363
9.2 PowerTransferandAttenuation, 368
9.3 TEM,TE,andTMmodes, 371
9.4 RectangularWaveguides, 374
9.5 HigherTEandTMmodes, 376
9.6 OperatingBandwidth, 378
9.7 PowerTransfer,EnergyDensity,andGroupVelocity, 379
9.8 PowerAttenuation, 381
9.9 ReflectionModelofWaveguidePropagation, 384
9.10 ResonantCavities, 386
9.11 DielectricSlabWaveguides, 388
9.12 AsymmetricDielectricSlab, 397
viii CONTENTS
9.13 Problems, 408
10 Surface Waveguides 411
10.1 PlasmonicWaveguides, 411
10.2 SingleMetal-DielectricInterface, 419
10.3 PowerTransfer,Energy&GroupVelocities, 421
10.4 MDMConfiguration–LosslessCase, 425
10.5 OscillatoryModes, 437
10.6 MDMConfiguration–LossyCase, 443
10.7 GapSurfacePlasmons, 448
10.8 PECLimit, 452
10.9 AnomalousComplexModes, 454
10.10DMDConfiguration–LosslessCase, 457
10.11DMDConfiguration–LossyCase, 467
10.12SymmetricDMDWaveguides, 468
10.13AsymmetricDMDWaveguides, 476
10.14NoteonComputations, 488
10.15SommerfeldWire, 489
10.16PowerTransferandPowerLoss, 501
10.17ConnectiontoZenneckSurfaceWave, 504
10.18SkinEffectforRoundWire, 506
10.19GoubauLine, 509
10.20PlanarLimitoftheGoubauLine, 526
10.21Problems, 532
11 Transmission Lines 535
11.1 GeneralPropertiesofTEMTransmissionLines, 535
11.2 ParallelPlateLines, 541
11.3 MicrostripLines, 542
11.4 CoaxialLines, 546
11.5 Two-WireLines, 551
11.6 DistributedCircuitModelofaTransmissionLine, 553
11.7 WaveImpedanceandReflectionResponse, 555
11.8 Two-PortEquivalentCircuit, 557
11.9 TerminatedTransmissionLines, 558
11.10PowerTransferfromGeneratortoLoad, 561
11.11Open-andShort-CircuitedTransmissionLines, 563
11.12StandingWaveRatio, 566
11.13DetermininganUnknownLoadImpedance, 568
11.14SmithChart, 572
11.15Time-DomainResponseofTransmissionLines, 576
11.16Problems, 583
12 Coupled Lines 594
12.1 CoupledTransmissionLines, 594
12.2 CrosstalkBetweenLines, 600
12.3 WeaklyCoupledLineswithArbitraryTerminations, 603
12.4 Coupled-ModeTheory, 605
CONTENTS ix
12.5 FiberBraggGratings, 607
12.6 DiffuseReflectionandTransmission, 610
12.7 Problems, 612
13 Impedance Matching 614
13.1 ConjugateandReflectionlessMatching, 614
13.2 MultisectionTransmissionLines, 616
13.3 Quarter-WavelengthChebyshevTransformers, 617
13.4 Two-SectionDual-BandChebyshevTransformers, 623
13.5 Quarter-WavelengthTransformerWithSeriesSection, 629
13.6 Quarter-WavelengthTransformerWithShuntStub, 632
13.7 Two-SectionSeriesImpedanceTransformer, 634
13.8 SingleStubMatching, 639
13.9 BalancedStubs, 643
13.10DoubleandTripleStubMatching, 645
13.11L-SectionLumpedReactiveMatchingNetworks, 647
13.12Pi-SectionLumpedReactiveMatchingNetworks, 650
13.13ReversedMatchingNetworks, 657
13.14Problems, 659
14 S-Parameters 663
14.1 ScatteringParameters, 663
14.2 PowerFlow, 667
14.3 ParameterConversions, 668
14.4 InputandOutputReflectionCoefficients, 669
14.5 StabilityCircles, 671
14.6 PowerGains, 677
14.7 GeneralizedS-ParametersandPowerWaves, 683
14.8 SimultaneousConjugateMatching, 687
14.9 PowerGainCircles, 692
14.10UnilateralGainCircles, 693
14.11OperatingandAvailablePowerGainCircles, 695
14.12NoiseFigureCircles, 701
14.13Problems, 706
15 Radiation Fields 709
15.1 CurrentsandChargesasSourcesofFields, 709
15.2 RetardedPotentials, 711
15.3 HarmonicTimeDependence, 714
15.4 FieldsofaLinearWireAntenna, 716
15.5 FieldsofElectricandMagneticDipoles, 718
15.6 Ewald-OseenExtinctionTheorem, 723
15.7 RadiationFields, 728
15.8 RadialCoordinates, 731
15.9 RadiationFieldApproximation, 733
15.10ComputingtheRadiationFields, 734
15.11Problems, 736
x CONTENTS
16 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 739
16.1 EnergyFluxandRadiationIntensity, 739
16.2 Directivity,Gain,andBeamwidth, 740
16.3 EffectiveArea, 745
16.4 AntennaEquivalentCircuits, 749
16.5 EffectiveLength, 751
16.6 CommunicatingAntennas, 753
16.7 AntennaNoiseTemperature, 755
16.8 SystemNoiseTemperature, 759
16.9 DataRateLimits, 765
16.10SatelliteLinks, 767
16.11RadarEquation, 770
16.12Problems, 772
17 Linear and Loop Antennas 775
17.1 LinearAntennas, 775
17.2 HertzianDipole, 777
17.3 Standing-WaveAntennas, 779
17.4 Half-WaveDipole, 783
17.5 MonopoleAntennas, 784
17.6 Traveling-WaveAntennas, 786
17.7 VeeandRhombicAntennas, 788
17.8 LoopAntennas, 791
17.9 CircularLoops, 793
17.10SquareLoops, 795
17.11DipoleandQuadrupoleRadiation, 796
17.12Problems, 798
18 Radiation from Apertures 799
18.1 FieldEquivalencePrinciple, 799
18.2 MagneticCurrentsandDuality, 801
18.3 RadiationFieldsfromMagneticCurrents, 803
18.4 RadiationFieldsfromApertures, 804
18.5 HuygensSource, 807
18.6 DirectivityandEffectiveAreaofApertures, 809
18.7 UniformApertures, 811
18.8 RectangularApertures, 812
18.9 CircularApertures, 814
18.10VectorDiffractionTheory, 816
18.11ExtinctionTheorem, 821
18.12VectorDiffractionforApertures, 822
18.13FresnelDiffraction, 823
18.14Knife-EdgeDiffraction, 827
18.15GeometricalTheoryofDiffraction, 835
18.16Problems, 841