Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering: From Fundamentals to Applications

945 Pages·2017·3.92 MB·English

by  Akira Ishimaru

ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVE PROPAGATION,
RADIATION, AND
SCATTERING
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KennethMoore,DirectorofIEEEBookandInformationServices(BIS)
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVE PROPAGATION,
RADIATION, AND
SCATTERING
From Fundamentals to Applications
Second Edition
AKIRA ISHIMARU
UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Sponsor
TheIEEEPressSeriesonElectromagneticWaveTheory
AndreasC.Cangellaris,SeriesEditor
Copyright©2017byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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ISBN:978-1-118-09881-3
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To
YUKO
and
Emily,Ben,Joyce,Gene,Aaron,Eric,Andrew,Karen,Jim,
Grace,Patty,Chad,Katie,Will,Jane,Chuck,John
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix
PREFACE xxi
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
PARTI FUNDAMENTALS 1
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 FUNDAMENTALFIELDEQUATIONS 7
2.1 Maxwell’sEquations / 7
2.2 Time-HarmonicCase / 10
2.3 ConstitutiveRelations / 11
2.4 BoundaryConditions / 15
2.5 EnergyRelationsandPoynting’sTheorem / 18
2.6 VectorandScalarPotentials / 22
2.7 ElectricHertzVector / 24
2.8 DualityPrincipleandSymmetryofMaxwell’sEquations / 25
2.9 MagneticHertzVector / 26
2.10 UniquenessTheorem / 27
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.11 ReciprocityTheorem / 28
2.12 AcousticWaves / 30
Problems / 33
3 WAVESININHOMOGENEOUSANDLAYEREDMEDIA 35
3.1 WaveEquationforaTime-HarmonicCase / 35
3.2 Time-HarmonicPlane-WavePropagationinHomogeneous
Media / 36
3.3 Polarization / 37
3.4 Plane-WaveIncidenceonaPlaneBoundary:Perpendicular
Polarization(sPolarization) / 39
3.5 ElectricFieldParalleltoaPlaneofIncidence:Parallel
Polarization(pPolarization) / 43
3.6 FresnelFormula,Brewster’sAngle,andTotalReflection / 44
3.7 WavesinLayeredMedia / 47
3.8 AcousticReflectionandTransmissionfromaBoundary / 50
3.9 ComplexWaves / 51
3.10 TrappedSurfaceWave(SlowWave)andLeakyWave / 54
3.11 SurfaceWavesAlongaDielectricSlab / 57
3.12 ZenneckWavesandPlasmons / 63
3.13 WavesinInhomogeneousMedia / 66
3.14 WKBMethod / 68
3.15 BremmerSeries / 72
3.16 WKBSolutionfortheTurningPoint / 76
3.17 TrappedSurface-WaveModesinanInhomogeneousSlab / 77
3.18 MediumWithPrescribedProfile / 80
Problems / 81
4 WAVEGUIDESANDCAVITIES 85
4.1 UniformElectromagneticWaveguides / 85
4.2 TMModesorEModes / 86
4.3 TEModesorHModes / 87
4.4 EigenfunctionsandEigenvalues / 89
4.5 GeneralPropertiesofEigenfunctionsforClosedRegions / 91
4.6 k–βDiagramandPhaseandGroupVelocities / 95
4.7 RectangularWaveguides / 98
4.8 CylindricalWaveguides / 100
4.9 TEMModes / 104
CONTENTS ix
4.10 DispersionofaPulseinaWaveguide / 106
4.11 Step-IndexOpticalFibers / 109
4.12 DispersionofGraded-IndexFibers / 116
4.13 RadialandAzimuthalWaveguides / 117
4.14 CavityResonators / 120
4.15 WavesinSphericalStructures / 123
4.16 SphericalWaveguidesandCavities / 128
Problems / 133
5 GREEN’SFUNCTIONS 137
5.1 ElectricandMagneticDipolesinHomogeneousMedia / 137
5.2 ElectromagneticFieldsExcitedbyanElectricDipoleina
HomogeneousMedium / 139
5.3 ElectromagneticFieldsExcitedbyaMagneticDipoleina
HomogeneousMedium / 144
5.4 ScalarGreen’sFunctionforClosedRegionsandExpansionof
Green’sFunctioninaSeriesofEigenfunctions / 145
5.5 Green’sFunctioninTermsofSolutionsoftheHomogeneous
Equation / 150
5.6 FourierTransformMethod / 155
5.7 ExcitationofaRectangularWaveguide / 157
5.8 ExcitationofaConductingCylinder / 159
5.9 ExcitationofaConductingSphere / 163
Problems / 166
6 RADIATIONFROMAPERTURESANDBEAMWAVES 169
6.1 Huygens’PrincipleandExtinctionTheorem / 169
6.2 FieldsDuetotheSurfaceFieldDistribution / 173
6.3 KirchhoffApproximation / 176
6.4 FresnelandFraunhoferDiffraction / 178
6.5 FourierTransform(Spectral)Representation / 182
6.6 BeamWaves / 183
6.7 Goos–HanchenEffect / 187
6.8 Higher-OrderBeam-WaveModes / 191
6.9 VectorGreen’sTheorem,Stratton–ChuFormula,andFranz
Formula / 194
6.10 EquivalenceTheorem / 197
6.11 KirchhoffApproximationforElectromagneticWaves / 198
Problems / 199
x CONTENTS
7 PERIODICSTRUCTURESANDCOUPLED-MODETHEORY 201
7.1 Floquet’sTheorem / 202
7.2 GuidedWavesAlongPeriodicStructures / 203
7.3 PeriodicLayers / 209
7.4 PlaneWaveIncidenceonaPeriodicStructure / 213
7.5 ScatteringfromPeriodicSurfacesBasedontheRayleigh
Hypothesis / 219
7.6 Coupled-ModeTheory / 224
Problems / 229
8 DISPERSIONANDANISOTROPICMEDIA 233
8.1 DielectricMaterialandPolarizability / 233
8.2 DispersionofDielectricMaterial / 235
8.3 DispersionofConductorandIsotropicPlasma / 237
8.4 DebyeRelaxationEquationandDielectricConstant
ofWater / 240
8.5 InterfacialPolarization / 240
8.6 MixingFormula / 241
8.7 DielectricConstantandPermeabilityforAnisotropic
Media / 244
8.8 MagnetoionicTheoryforAnisotropicPlasma / 244
8.9 Plane-WavePropagationinAnisotropicMedia / 247
8.10 Plane-WavePropagationinMagnetoplasma / 248
8.11 PropagationAlongtheDCMagneticField / 249
8.12 FaradayRotation / 253
8.13 PropagationPerpendiculartotheDCMagneticField / 255
8.14 TheHeightoftheIonosphere / 256
8.15 GroupVelocityinAnisotropicMedium / 257
8.16 WarmPlasma / 259
8.17 WaveEquationsforWarmPlasma / 261
8.18 FerriteandtheDerivationofItsPermeabilityTensor / 263
8.19 Plane-WavePropagationinFerrite / 266
8.20 MicrowaveDevicesUsingFerrites / 267
8.21 LorentzReciprocityTheoremforAnisotropicMedia / 270
8.22 Bi-AnisotropicMediaandChiralMedia / 272
8.23 Superconductors,LondonEquation,andtheMeissner
Effects / 276
8.24 Two-FluidModelofSuperconductorsatHighFrequencies / 278
Problems / 280