Electromagnetic Reverberation Chambers: Recent advances and innovative applications (Electromagnetic Waves) PDF
Preview Electromagnetic Reverberation Chambers: Recent advances and innovative applications (Electromagnetic Waves)
Electromagnetic Reverberation Chambers Relatedtitlesonelectromagneticwaves: DielectricResonators,2ndEditionKajfezandGuillon ElectronicApplicationsoftheSmithChartSmith FiberOpticTechnologyJha FilteringintheTimeandFrequencyDomainsBlinchikoffandZverev HFFilterDesignandComputerSimulationRhea HFRadioSystemsandCircuitsSabin MicrowaveField-EffectTransistors:Theory,designandapplication,3rdEditionPengelly MicrowaveSemiconductorEngineeringWhite MicrowaveTransmissionLineImpedanceDataGunston OpticalFibersandRF:AnaturalcombinationRomeiser OscillatorDesignandComputerSimulationRhea Radio-ElectronicTransmissionFundamentals,2ndEditionGriffith,Jr RFandMicrowaveModelingandMeasurementTechniquesforFieldEffect TransistorsGao RFPowerAmplifiersAlbulet SmallSignalMicrowaveAmplifierDesignGrosch SmallSignalMicrowaveAmplifierDesign:SolutionsGrosch 2008+SolvedProblemsinElectromagneticsNasar Antennas:Fundamentals,design,measurement,3rdEditionBlakeandLong DesigningElectronicSystemsforEMCDuff ElectromagneticMeasurementsintheNearField,2ndEditionBienkowskiandTrzaska FundamentalsofElectromagneticswithMATLAB®,2ndEditionLonngrenetal. 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Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-78561-931-1(hardback) ISBN978-1-78561-932-8(PDF) TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon CoverimagedesignedbyDrGuillaumeAndrieu Contents Abouttheeditor xi Introduction 1 GuillaumeAndrieu I.1 Motivationandgoal 1 I.2 Organization 2 I.3 Usage 4 References 5 1 Performanceofreverberationchambersusingthe“well-stirred conditionmethod” 7 GuillaumeAndrieu 1.1 Thewell-stirredconditionmethod 8 1.1.1 Definitionofthewell-stirredconditionofanRC 8 1.1.2 Principleofthemethod 9 1.1.3 Requiredexperimentalsetup(foramechanically stirredRC) 10 1.1.4 OnS measurementsinRC 10 11 1.1.5 AnalysisoftheEMfielddistributions 13 1.1.6 Analysisofthesamplecorrelation 15 1.1.7 Determinationoff 20 wsc 1.2 Detailedanalysisofthemethodperformance 20 1.2.1 Descriptionofthemeasurements 20 1.2.2 Sensitivityofthemethodrelatedtotheantennaposition andorientation 21 1.2.3 Sensitivityofthemethodrelatedtotheantennatype 26 1.2.4 Ontheuncertaintyofthemethodrelatedtothe PCFprocess 28 1.2.5 OntheeffectofaheavilylossyEUT 30 1.3 Examplesofparametricanalysis 31 1.3.1 Determinationofthe“optimalloading” 33 1.3.2 Effectofthenumberofmetallicbladesofamodestirrer 34 1.4 Analternativecalibrationprocedure 36 1.5 Conclusion 41 References 41 vi ElectromagneticReverberationChambers 2 Reviewofthestirringtechniquesproposedinthe literature–performanceassessmentofthemostcommon onesusingthewell-stirredconditionmethod 45 GuillaumeAndrieu 2.1 Mechanicalstirringtechniques 46 2.1.1 Overview 46 2.1.2 Dual-modestirrer 47 2.1.3 Referenceresults 48 2.2 Sourcesignalstirringtechniques 49 2.2.1 Thefrequencysteppingstirringtechnique 50 2.2.2 Variants 61 2.3 Sourcepositionstirringtechniques 63 2.3.1 Movingantennastirringtechnique 63 2.3.2 Antennanetworkstirringtechnique 67 2.3.3 Hybridstirringtechniquecombiningmultipleantennas andfrequencystepping 68 2.4 Othermodestirringtechniques 75 2.4.1 Reactivelyloadedantennastirringtechnique 75 2.4.2 Switchedstirredreverberationchamber 75 2.5 Conclusion 76 References 77 3 Frequencyandtime-domainperformanceassessmentofvibrating intrinsicreverberationchambers 81 GuillaumeAndrieu 3.1 DescriptionoftheVIRCused 82 3.1.1 Generalcharacteristics 82 3.1.2 Stirringstrategy 83 3.1.3 Q-factorandaveragemodebandwidth(cid:2) 85 f 3.2 Frequency-domaincharacterization 86 3.3 Time-domaincharacterization 92 3.3.1 Decorrelationtimeanddetectionofperiodicity 92 3.3.2 Rayleighdistributioninthetime-domain 94 3.3.3 Discussion 96 3.4 Conclusion 98 References 99 4 Probabilistic model about the influence of the number of stirring conditionsconsideredduringaradiatedsusceptibilitytest 101 GuillaumeAndrieu 4.1 AboutRStestsinRC 102 4.1.1 PrincipleofanRStest 102 4.1.2 Valuesofnrecommendedbythestandard 103 Contents vii 4.1.3 EMfielddistributionsina“wellstirred”RC 103 4.1.4 OnthechoiceofthemetricrepresentingtheEMfield strength 104 4.2 Descriptionoftheprobabilisticmodel 106 4.2.1 Assumptionsanddefinitions 106 4.2.2 Uncertaintyontheestimationof(cid:2)|E |(cid:3)s 106 T m 4.2.3 DemonstrationofthemethodapplicabilityforanyEUT 108 4.2.4 Computationoftheriskr 109 4.2.5 Experimentalresults 111 4.3 Overtesting 116 4.3.1 Principle 116 4.3.2 Exampleofnumericalresults 117 4.3.3 Atwo-stepapproachusingovertesting 118 4.4 DeterminationoftheminimumsusceptibilityleveloftheEUT (afterasuccessfultest) 119 4.5 Conclusion 120 References 121 5 Over-the-airtestingofwirelessdevicesinheavilyloaded reverberationchambers 123 KateA.Remley,Chih-MingWangandRobertD.Horansky 5.1 ChambercharacterizationforOTAtests 125 5.1.1 Configuringareverberationchamberforwirelessdevice testing 127 5.1.2 Distributionofmode-stirringsamplesinloadedchambers 131 5.1.3 Coherencebandwidth 135 5.1.4 Spatialcorrelationandthemode-stirringsequence 139 5.1.5 Lackofspatialuniformityduetoloading 144 5.1.6 Isotropyforloadedchambers 146 5.1.7 K-factor 149 5.1.8 Chambercharacterization:asummary 150 5.2 Over-the-airtestsforradiatedpowerandreceiversensitivity 151 5.2.1 Totalradiatedpower 151 5.2.2 Totalisotropicsensitivity 152 5.3 ReplicatingspecificmultipathchannelsforOTAtest 156 5.3.1 Highlyreflectivepowerdelayprofiles 157 5.3.2 Longerpowerdelayprofiles 158 5.3.3 Emulatingspatialchannels 158 5.4 UncertaintyinOTAmeasurementswithheavilyloaded reverberationchambers 160 5.4.1 Numberofsamplesvs.spatialuniformity:which uncertaintymechanismdominates? 160 5.4.2 Relativeuncertaintyduetothetypeofstirring mechanisms 162 viii ElectromagneticReverberationChambers 5.4.3 UncertaintyduetodifferenceinreferenceandDUT antennas 164 5.4.4 Combinedandexpandeduncertainties 167 5.5 Conclusion 168 5.6 Acknowledgments 169 References 169 6 Frommaterialabsorptiontodosimetryforexposureofanimalsin reverberationchambers 175 PhilippeBesnier 6.1 LossesandQ-factor 176 6.1.1 RoleoflossesinaRC 176 6.1.2 DefinitionoftheQ-factor 177 6.1.3 OriginoflossesandtheircontributiontotheQ-factor 178 6.1.4 Q-Factormeasurements 179 6.2 TheaverageabsorptioneffectiveareaofanobjectinaRC 186 6.2.1 TheQ-factorofanobjectinaRCanditsaverage absorptioncrosssection 186 6.2.2 Theoreticalabsorbingcrosssectionofarectangularpiece ofabsorbingmaterial 187 6.2.3 Measurementexamples 189 6.3 Dosimetryforanimals 191 6.3.1 UsingRCforanimalexposure 191 6.3.2 TheoryaboutheattransferinaRC 193 6.3.3 Experimentalvalidation 199 6.4 Discussion 200 References 201 7 Characterizationofantennaefficiencyinreverberationchambers 205 WeiXueandXiaomingChen 7.1 Antennaradiationefficiencymeasurementmethods 206 7.1.1 Standardreferenceantennamethod 206 7.1.2 One-antennamethod 208 7.1.3 Two-antennamethod 212 7.1.4 Three-antennamethod 214 7.1.5 Timereversalmethod 216 7.1.6 Discussiononantennaefficiencymeasurementmethods 221 7.2 Statisticalanalysisofantennaefficiencymeasurementuncertainty 224 7.2.1 Statisticsofmeasuredantennaefficiency 225 7.2.2 Simulations 228 7.2.3 Measurements 229 7.3 Conclusion 235 References 235 Contents ix 8 Characterizationofantennaradiationpatternin reverberatingenclosures 239 GuillaumeAndrieu 8.1 K-factormethod 240 8.2 Dopplerspectrummethod 242 8.3 Time-gatingmethod 245 8.3.1 Principleofthemethod 245 8.3.2 Exampleofresults 247 8.4 Comparisonofthemethods 256 References 258 9 Radarcross-sectionestimationinreverberationchambers 261 PhilippeBesnier 9.1 Definitionofradarcrosssectionandtheradarequation 262 9.2 Radarcross-sectionmeasurements 264 9.3 Scatteredcrosssectionandantennapatternsinreverberation chambers 264 9.4 Theoryofradarcross-sectionpatternmeasurementsin reverberationchambers 266 9.4.1 Measurementsetup 267 9.4.2 BackscatteredfieldinanemptyRC 268 9.4.3 Backscatteredfieldfromthetarget 269 9.4.4 Thebackscatteredcoefficient 269 9.4.5 RCSequationofthetarget 270 9.4.6 ExtractionofRCS 271 9.5 Validationonsimpletargets 274 9.5.1 Preliminarymeasurementsinanechoicchamber 274 9.5.2 CalibrationinRC 276 9.5.3 Measurementofthemetalplate 277 9.5.4 Measurementofadihedraltarget 278 9.5.5 Theroleofthestirrer 278 9.6 Discussion 282 References 283 Conclusion 285 GuillaumeAndrieu C.1 OTAtestfornewprotocols 285 C.2 “Anechoic”measurements 285 C.3 Chaoticcavities 286 C.4 VIRCs 287 C.5 FutureEMCstrategyinthetransportationindustries 288 Index 289
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