Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications: The Engineering Approach

366 Pages·2005·11.507 MB·English

by  Christophe Caloz, Tatsuo Itoh(auth.)

ELECTROMAGNETIC
METAMATERIALS
ELECTROMAGNETIC
METAMATERIALS:
TRANSMISSION LINE
THEORY AND
MICROWAVE
APPLICATIONS
The Engineering Approach
CHRISTOPHE CALOZ
E´cole Polytechnique de Montre´al
TATSUO ITOH
University of California at Los Angeles
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Caloz,Christophe,1969-
Electromagneticmetamaterials:transmissionlinetheoryandmicrowaveapplications:
theengineeringapproach/ChristopheCaloz,TatsuoItoh.
p.cm.
“Wiley-Intersciencepublication.”
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-10:0-471-66985-7(alk.paper)
ISBN-13:978-0-471-66985-2 (alk.paper)
1.Magneticmaterials.2.Nanostructuredmaterials.3.Microwavetransmissionlines.I.
Itoh,Tatsuo.II.Title.
TK454.4.M3C362006
620.1(cid:1)18—dc22
2005048976
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10987654321
ToDominique, Maxime, andRaphae¨l
Christophe
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Acronyms xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definition of Metamaterials (MTMs) and Left-Handed (LH) MTMs, 1
1.2 Theoretical Speculation by Viktor Veselago, 3
1.3 Experimental Demonstration of Left-Handedness, 4
1.4 Further Numerical and Experimental Confirmations, 9
1.5 “Conventional” Backward Waves and Novelty of LH MTMs, 10
1.6 Terminology, 12
1.7 Transmission Line (TL) Approach, 12
1.8 Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) MTMs, 16
1.9 MTMs and Photonic Band-Gap (PBG) Structures, 17
1.10 Historical “Germs” of MTMs, 20
References, 22
2 Fundamentals of LH MTMs 27
2.1 Left-Handedness from Maxwell’s Equations, 28
2.2 Entropy Conditions in Dispersive Media, 33
2.3 Boundary Conditions, 38
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.4 Reversal of Doppler Effect, 39
2.5 Reversal of Vavilov-C˘erenkov Radiation, 41
2.6 Reversal of Snell’s Law: Negative Refraction, 43
2.7 Focusing by a “Flat LH Lens”, 46
2.8 Fresnel Coefficients, 48
2.9 Reversal of Goos-Ha¨nchen Effect, 50
2.10 Reversal of Convergence and Divergence in Convex and Concave
Lenses, 51
2.11 Subwavelength Diffraction, 53
References, 57
3 TL Theory of MTMs 59
3.1 Ideal Homogeneous CRLH TLs, 59
3.1.1 Fundamental TL Characteristics, 60
3.1.2 Equivalent MTM Constitutive Parameters, 67
3.1.3 Balanced and Unbalanced Resonances, 70
3.1.4 Lossy Case, 74
3.2 LC Network Implementation, 79
3.2.1 Principle, 79
3.2.2 Difference with Conventional Filters, 83
3.2.3 Transmission Matrix Analysis, 85
3.2.4 Input Impedance, 100
3.2.5 Cutoff Frequencies, 103
3.2.6 Analytical Dispersion Relation, 106
3.2.7 Bloch Impedance, 113
3.2.8 Effect of Finite Size in the Presence of Imperfect
Matching, 115
3.3 Real Distributed 1D CRLH Structures, 119
3.3.1 General Design Guidelines, 120
3.3.2 Microstrip Implementation, 122
3.3.3 Parameters Extraction, 124
3.4 Experimental Transmission Characteristics, 127
3.5 Conversion from Transmission Line to Constitutive Parameters, 131
References, 131
4 Two-Dimensional MTMs 133
4.1 Eigenvalue Problem, 134
4.1.1 General Matrix System, 134
4.1.2 CRLH Particularization, 138
4.1.3 Lattice Choice, Symmetry Points, Brillouin Zone, and 2D
Dispersion Representations, 139
4.2 Driven Problem by the Transmission Matrix Method (TMM), 143
4.2.1 Principle of the TMM, 144
4.2.2 Scattering Parameters, 145
CONTENTS ix
4.2.3 Voltage and Current Distributions, 147
4.2.4 Interest and Limitations of the TMM, 154
4.3 Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) Modeling Method, 154
4.3.1 TLM Modeling of the Unloaded TL Host Network, 155
4.3.2 TLM Modeling of the Loaded TL Host Network (CRLH), 158
4.3.3 Relationship between Material Properties and the TLM Model
Parameters, 159
4.3.4 Suitability of the TLM Approach for MTMs, 161
4.4 Negative Refractive Index (NRI) Effects, 162
4.4.1 Negative Phase Velocity, 162
4.4.2 Negative Refraction, 163
4.4.3 Negative Focusing, 165
4.4.4 RH-LH Interface Surface Plasmons, 167
4.4.5 Reflectors with Unusual Properties, 169
4.5 Distributed 2D Structures, 170
4.5.1 Description of Possible Structures, 171
4.5.2 Dispersion and Propagation Characteristics, 173
4.5.3 Parameter Extraction, 178
4.5.4 Distributed Implementation of the NRI Slab, 183
References, 190
5 Guided-Wave Applications 192
5.1 Dual-Band Components, 193
5.1.1 Dual-Band Property of CRLH TLs, 193
5.1.2 Quarter-Wavelength TL and Stubs, 197
5.1.3 Passive Component Examples: Quadrature Hybrid and
Wilkinson Power Divider, 201
5.1.3.1 Quadrature Hybrid, 201
5.1.3.2 Wilkinson Power Divider, 202
5.1.4 Nonlinear Component Example: Quadrature Subharmonically
Pumped Mixer, 205
5.2 Enhanced-Bandwidth Components, 210
5.2.1 Principle of Bandwidth Enhancement, 211
5.2.2 Rat-Race Coupler Example, 215
5.3 Super-compact Multilayer “Vertical” TL, 217
5.3.1 “Vertical” TL Architecture, 219
5.3.2 TL Performances, 221
5.3.3 Diplexer Example, 225
5.4 Tight Edge-Coupled Coupled-Line Couplers (CLCs), 227
5.4.1 Generalities on Coupled-Line Couplers, 228
5.4.1.1 TEM and Quasi-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line
Structures with Small Interspacing: Impedance
Coupling (IC), 228
5.4.1.2 Non-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with
Relatively Large Spacing: Phase Coupling (PC), 232
x CONTENTS
5.4.1.3 Summaryon Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures, 233
5.4.1.4 Asymmetric Coupled-Line Structures, 234
5.4.1.5 Advantages of MTM Couplers, 235
5.4.2 Symmetric Impedance Coupler, 235
5.4.3 Asymmetric Phase Coupler, 245
5.5 Negative and Zeroth-Order Resonator, 249
5.5.1 Principle, 249
5.5.2 LC Network Implementation, 251
5.5.3 Zeroth-Order Resonator Characteristics, 253
5.5.4 Circuit Theory Verification, 256
5.5.5 Microstrip Realization, 258
References, 259
6 Radiated-Wave Applications 261
6.1 Fundamental Aspects of Leaky-Wave Structures, 262
6.1.1 Principle of Leakage Radiation, 262
6.1.2 Uniform and Periodic Leaky-Wave Structures, 266
6.1.2.1 Uniform LW Structures, 266
6.1.2.2 Periodic LW Structures, 268
6.1.3 Metamaterial Leaky-Wave Structures, 269
6.2 Backfire-to-Endfire (BE) Leaky-Wave (LW) Antenna, 270
6.3 Electronically Scanned BE LW Antenna, 275
6.3.1 Electronic Scanning Principle, 276
6.3.2 Electronic Beamwidth Control Principle, 277
6.3.3 Analysis of the Structure and Results, 279
6.4 Reflecto-Directive Systems, 282
6.4.1 Passive Retro-Directive Reflector, 283
6.4.2 Arbitrary-Angle Frequency Tuned Reflector, 286
6.4.3 Arbitrary-Angle Electronically Tuned Reflector, 287
6.5 Two-Dimensional Structures, 290
6.5.1 Two-Dimensional LW Radiation, 290
6.5.2 Conical-Beam Antenna, 292
6.5.3 Full-Space Scanning Antenna, 296
6.6 Zeroth Order Resonating Antenna, 297
6.7 Dual-Band CRLH-TL Resonating Ring Antenna, 300
6.8 Focusing Radiative “Meta-Interfaces”, 304
6.8.1 Heterodyne Phased Array, 305
6.8.2 Nonuniform Leaky-Wave Radiator, 310
References, 313
7 The Future of MTMs 316
7.1 “Real-Artificial” Materials: the Challenge of Homogenization, 316
7.2 Quasi-Optical NRI Lenses and Devices, 319
7.3 Three-Dimensional Isotropic LH MTMs, 323
CONTENTS xi
7.4 Optical MTMs, 328
7.5 “Magnetless” Magnetic MTMs, 329
7.6 Terahertz Magnetic MTMs, 330
7.7 Surface Plasmonic MTMs, 331
7.8 Antenna Radomes and Frequency Selective Surfaces, 338
7.9 Nonlinear MTMs, 339
7.10 Active MTMs, 341
7.11 Other Topics of Interest, 341
References, 342
Index 347
PREFACE
This book is essentially the fruit of a research work carried out at University
of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), from 2002 to 2004 in the context of a
MultidisciplinaryUniversityResearchInitiative(MURI)program.Themainpar-
ticipants in this program, in addition to the authors, were John Pendry (Imperial
College), David Smith (formerly University of California, San Diego (UCSD),
nowDukeUniversity),SheldonSchultz(UCSD),XiangZhang(formerlyUCLA,
nowUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley),GangChen(formerlyUCLA,nowMas-
sachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)), John Joannopoulos (MIT) and Eli
Yablonovitch (UCLA).
Duringtheseyearsofinfancyformetamaterials(MTMs),whichemergedfrom
the first experimental demonstration of a left-handed (LH) structure in 2000, the
vast majority of the groups involved in research on MTMs had been focusing
on investigating from a physics point of view the fundamental properties of
LH media predicted by Veselago in 1967. Not following this trend, the authors
adopted an engineering approach, based on a generalized transmission line (TL)
theory,withsystematicemphasisondevelopingpracticalapplications,exhibiting
unprecedented features in terms of performances or functionalities. This effort
resulted in the elaboration of the powerful composite right/left-handed (CRLH)
MTM concept, which led to a suite of novel guided-wave, radiated-wave, and
refracted-wave devices and structures.
This book presents electromagnetic MTMs and their applications in the gen-
eral framework of CRLH TL MTMs. Chapter 1 introduces MTMs from a his-
torical perspective and points out their novelty compared with conventional
periodic backward-wave media. Chapter 2 exposes the fundamentals of ideal1
1“Ideal” designates here perfectly homogeneous and isotropic volumic (left-handedness along the
threedirectionsofspace)materials.
xiii