Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook

716 Pages·1987·24.075 MB·English

by  J. L. Norman Violette Ph.D., Donald R. J. White MSEE, Michael F. Violette BSEE (auth.)

ELECTROMAGNETIC
COMPATIBILITY
HANDBOOK
ELECTROMAGNETIC
COMPATIBILITY
HANDBOOK
J. L. Norman Violette, Ph.D.
Donald R. J. White, MSEE
Michael F. Violette, BSEE
~ Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Copyright © 1987 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. in 1987.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 85-29475
ISBN 978-94-017-7146-7 ISBN 978-94-017-7144-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7144-3
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon
may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic,
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information
storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Violette, J. L. Norman.
Electromagnetic compatibility handbook.
Includes bibliographies and index.
I. Electromagnetic compatibility. I. White,
Donald R. J. II. Violette, Michael F. Ill. Title.
TX6553.V53 1985 621.38'0436 85-29475
PREFACE
The growth of the electrical industry has resulted in the utilization of essen
tially the entire electromagnetic spectrum to perform many of the tasks as
sociated with various industries: communication services; air, sea, and ground
radio navigation systems; military operations; scientific research; medical
treatment; computer-related operations; and space explorations. The pro
liferation of solid-state electronic products associated with all of these has
created an electromagnetic environment wherein the probability of mutual
electromagnetic interference (EMI) from man-made sources continues to
increase at a rapid pace. In addition to man-made interference sources, the
effects due to lightning and other natural EMI sources must be considered.
The capability of electrical/electronic systems to operate within a given
environment without unacceptable performance degradation of any system
due to EMI is referred to as Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). As EMI
becomes more pronounced, so does the requirement for EMC Engineering
at the syf~m. subsystem, circuit, and component level. As a discipline, EMC
engineermg is generally not taught as part of standard curtltculum; its re
quired ski"lls, instead, are acquired from practical experience. "in the field."
This Handbook features relevant developments of appropriate EMC
topics; mathematical formulations to support analytical quantitative data
presented in tabular and graphical format, and empirical data derived from
several years of "hands-on" experience by the authors and others within the
EMC community. Rigorous mathematical formulations are generally not
presented in their entirety, but the results are provided to facilitate under
standing of EMC situations and solutions in terms of basic scientific and
engineering principles.
The Handbook emphasizes:
l. Identification of EMI sources and methods for quantifying resultant
ambient electromagnetic fields, whenever this is possible;
2. Identification of EMI receptors, or victims, and quantitative determina
tion of susceptibility;
3. Identification of coupling paths between sources and receptors and
quantification of the degree of coupling;
v
vi PREFACE
4. Development of the most cost-effective approaches to eliminate EMI
problems.
This Handbook is intended for engineers and technicians whose activities
include the design, development, fabrication, retrofit, and maintenance of
electrical and electronic equipment for communication, control, computer,
power distribution, military, automotive, and space systems. The Handbook
addresses problems associated with a broad range of the frequency spec
trum, from DC to microwaves. EMC principles applicable to digital circuits
are presented, with time-to-frequency domain transformations developed.
Digital designers will find the Handbook useful whether their task be the
development of electronic games or highly sensitive military and medical
diagnostic equipment. Many topics from this Handbook are applicable to
the design of automotive systems to assist in improving fuel economy and
pollution control. Managers will also find this Handbook useful, as will
students of electrical engineering.
J. L. NORMAN VIOLETTE
DONALD R. J. WHITE
MICHAEL F. VIOLETTE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to extend their appreciation to the people who worked
to make this Handbook a reality. Since the concept of this book took root some
five years ago, many individuals have been involved in the project: some actively
gathering, sorting, and typing material; some profing the many pages of text; while
others gently prodded the project to completion with words of encouragement.
The authors would like to thank their wives: Bette Violette, who spent long
hours typing and editing many pages of text for the manuscript; Colleen White,
who helped prepare original material for the book; and Liv Violette, who was
instrumental in preparing and proofing much of the artwork and figures for the
manuscript.
No one could have done more to actually get the first manuscript out the
door than Mr. Michel Mardiguian, to whom we gratefully extend our apprecia
tion. Mr. Ulf Nilsson reviewed various versions of the manuscript until an ac
ceptable work was hammered out. Others involved in the book over the years
include Mr. John D. Osburn, who worked during the conceptual stage; Mr.
John Brown, who provided essential material to the authors; Mr. Joseph Violette,
who performed typing and editing; and Messrs. Erik Syvrud and Steven Strickland,
who provided technical guidance to the authors.
vii
CONTENTS
Preface I v
1. AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC
COMPATIBILITY I 1
Electromagnetic Interference I 1 Basic Elements of EMI
Situations I 3 An Overview of EMI-Control Techniques I 7
An Overview of Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques j 10
References I 12
2. SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE I 13
Classification of EMI and Sources I 13 Data Reporting
Formats I 15 Natural Sources of EMI I 35 Man-Made Sources
of EMI I 37 Component Sources of EMI I 58 References I 61
3. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE RECEPTORS AND
SUSCEPTIBILITY CRITERIA I 63
Natural Receptors of EMI I 63 Man-Made Receptors of EMI I 67
Susceptibility Criteria I 88 Analog Noise Threshold I 97 Digital
DC Noise Margin I 98 Digital System AC Noise Margin I 100
Referef1ces I 105
4. INTERSYSTEM EMI PREDICTION AND CONTROL I 106
Basic Propagation Equation I 106 Intersystem EMI Prediction
Form I 111 Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Prediction I 114
Interference-to-Noise (1/N) Prediction I 117 Intersystem EMI
Control Options and Critique I 128 Multi-Transmitter/Receiver
Prediction Techniques I 134 References I 144
5. INTijASYSTEM EMI PREDICTION AND CONTROL I 146
Overview of EMC Methodology and Procedures I 151 EMI
Prediction and Performance Displays / 155 EMI Coupling
Paths I 162 Appendix: Ground-Loop Coupling Prediction
Curves I 211 References I 211
ix
x CONTENTS
6. CABLE WIRING AND HARNESSING I 212
Wiring Classes and Harnesses I 212 Cables as Radiation
Emitters I 214 Cable Susceptibility to Radiated Emissions I 222
Cable-to-Cable Coupling (Cross-Talk) I 222 References 1 238
7. CONNECTORS I 241
Connector Contact Problems I 241 Connector Backshells I 244
Termination of Individual Wire Shields I 248 Filter-Pin
Connectors I 252 Coaxial Connectors I 255 References I 255
8. GROUNDING AND BONDING FOR SAFETY CONTROL I 256
Shock Hazard Control I 256 Lightning Hazard Control I 261
Structural Grounding I 268 References I 288
9. GROUNDING AND BONDING FOR EMI CONTROL I 289
Equipotential Ground Plane I 290 Single Point and Multi-Point
Grounding I 293 Floating for Control of EMI Electrical
Bonding I 297 Corrosion and Control I 306 Rt:ferences I 309
10. SHIELDING THEORY AND MATERIAL I 310
Field Theory I 310 Wave and Metal Impedance I 314 Shielding
Effectiveness I 320 Shielding Materials I 336 Conductive
Coatings I 351 Testing and MIL-STD-285 I 357 References I 36!
11. SHIELDING INTEGRITY PROTECTION I 362
Integrity of Shielding Configurations I 362 EMC Gaskets I 379
EMC Sealants I 393 Conductive Grease I 395 References I 396
12. EMI-SHIELDED HOUSINGS I 397
Shielded Compartments I 397 Shielded Equipment and
Cabinets I 400 Shielded Rooms and Enclosures I 404 Shielding
of Buildings I 419 References I 426
13. COMMUNICATIONS AND WAVE FILTERS I 427
Mathematical Filter Models I 428 Prototype Filters I 431
Filter-Design Graphs and Tables I 435 High-Pass Filters I 438
Band-Pass and Band Rejection Filters I 441 Physical Realizability
of Filters I 445 References 1 44 7
14. POWER-LINE EMI FILTERS I 448
Utility-Supplied Power Mains I 448 Power-Line Filter
Specifications I 453 Available Power-Line Filters I 464
References I 468
CONTENTS xi
15. POWER-LINE ISOLATION DEVICES I 470
Pollution of the AC Power Mains I 470 Isolation
Transformers I 472 Faraday-Shielded Transformers I 473
Motor/Generator Sets I 481 Uninterruptible Power Supplies I 482
References I 50 1
16. EMI CONTROL IN COMPONENTS I 503
R, L, and C Components I 503 Inductive Devices I 515 Insulators
and Conductors I 524 Connectors I 528 Semiconductors I 529
Logic I 531 Lights I 543 References I 544
17. EMI CONTROL IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS I 545
Power Supplies I 545 EMI in Power Supplies / 550 SCR Power
Control I 554 Circuits and Interstages I 562 EMI in the Design of
Printed Circuit Boards I 569 References I 591
18. A SURVEY OF EMI MEASUREMENTS AND
TERMINOLOGY I 592
The Basis for EMI-Level Testing I 593 Component and Vehicle
Level Testing I 597 System- and Vehicle Level Testing I 602
Conducted and Radiated EMI Terms I 607 Narrowband and
Broadband EMI Terms I 617 Detector Functions I 623
References I 630
19. A SUMMARY OF EMI AND RELATED INSTRUMENTS I 631
EMI Test Areas and Enclosures I 631 Antennas used in EMI
Testing I 635 Conducted Sensors and Injectors I 647 Receivers
and Spectrum Analyzers I 655 Power-Line Monitoring
Equipment I 667 Signal Calibration and Susceptibility Testing
Sources I 668 Continuous Wave (CW) Susceptibility Testing
Sources I 674 References I 675
20. FCC, VDE, AND CISPR REGULATIONS AND
COMPLIANCE I 677
FCC Rules and Regulations, Testing, and Compliance I 677 CISPR
Regulations, Testing, and Compliance I 687 VDE Regulations,
Testing, and Compliance I 691 References I 695
Index I 691