Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna Engineering

282 Pages·2009·3.69 MB·English

by  Fan Yang

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ElectromagneticBandGapStructuresinAntennaEngineering
Thiscomprehensive,applications-orientedsurveyofthestateoftheartinElectromag-
netic Band Gap (EBG) engineering explains the theory, analysis, and design of EBG
structures.IthelpsyoutounderstandEBGapplicationsinantennaengineeringthrough
anabundanceofnovelantennaconcepts,awealthofpracticalexamples,andcomplete
designdetails.Youdiscoveracustomizedfinitedifferencetimedomain(FDTD)method
ofEBGanalysis,forwhichaccurateandefficientelectromagneticsoftwareissupplied
(www.cambridge.org/yang)toprovideapowerfulcomputationalengineforyourEBG
desgins.ThefirstbookcoveringEBGstructuresandtheirantennaapplications,thispro-
videsadynamicresourceforengineers,andresearchersandgraduatestudentsworking
inantennas,electromagneticsandmicrowaves.
FanYangisAssistantProfessoroftheElectricalEngineeringDepartmentattheUniversity
ofMississippi.Dr.YangreceivedYoungScientistAwardsinthe2005GeneralAssembly
ofInternationalUnionofRadioScience(URSI)andinthe2007InternationalSymposium
onElectromagneticTheory.
Yahya Rahmat-Samii is a Distinguished Professor, holder of the Northrop-Grumman
ChairinElectromagnetics,andpastChairmanoftheElectricalEngineeringDepartment
attheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA).Hehasreceivednumerousrecog-
nitionsandawardsincludingIEEEFellowin1985,IEEEThirdMillenniumMedal,the
2005URSIBookerGoldMedal,the2007Chen-ToTaiDistinguishedEducatorAward
of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, and membership of the US National
AcademyofEngineering.
TheCambridgeRFandMicrowaveEngineeringSeries
SeriesEditor,
SteveC.Cripps,HywaveAssociates
PeterAaen,JaimeA.Pla´,andJohnWood,ModelingandCharacterizationofRFand
MicrowavePowerFETs
EnricoRubiola,PhaseNoiseandFrequencyStabilityinOscillators
DominiqueSchreurs,Ma´irt´ınO’Droma,AnthonyA.Goacher,andMichaelGadringer,
RFAmplifierBehavioralModeling
FanYangandYahyaRahmat-Samii,ElectromagneticBandGapStructuresinAntenna
Engineering
Forthcoming
SorinVoinigescuandTimothyDickson,High-FrequencyIntegratedCircuits
DebabaniChoudhury,MillimeterWavesforCommercialApplications
J.StephensonKenney,RFPowerAmplifierDesignandLinearization
DavidB.Leeson,MicrowaveSystemsandEngineering
StepanLucyszyn,AdvancedRFMEMS
EarlMcCune,PracticalDigitalWirelessCommunicationsSignals
AllenPodellandSudiptoChakraborty,PracticalRadioDesignTechniques
PatrickRoblin,NonlinearRFCircuitsandtheLarge-SignalNetworkAnalyzer
DominiqueSchreurs,MicrowaveTechniquesforMicroelectronics
JohnL.B.Walker,HandbookofRFandMicrowaveSolid-StatePowerAmplifiers
Electromagnetic Band Gap
Structures in Antenna
Engineering
FAN YANG
UniversityofMississippi
YAHYA RAHMAT-SAMII
UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521889919
©Cambridge University Press 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the
provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2008
ISBN-13 978-0-511-45579-7 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-88991-9 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
Contents
Preface page ix
Acknowledgements xi
Abbreviations xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Electromagneticbandgap(EBG)structures 2
1.2.1 EBGdefinition 2
1.2.2 EBGandmetamaterials 4
1.3 AnalysismethodsforEBGstructures 6
1.4 EBGapplicationsinantennaengineering 8
1.4.1 Antennasubstratesforsurfacewavesuppressions 8
1.4.2 Antennasubstratesforefficientlowprofilewireantennadesigns 9
1.4.3 Reflection/transmissionsurfacesforhighgainantennas 10
2 FDTDmethodforperiodicstructureanalysis 14
2.1 FDTDfundamentals 14
2.1.1 Introduction 14
2.1.2 Yee’scellandupdatingscheme 15
2.1.3 Absorbingboundaryconditions:PML 18
2.1.4 FDTDexcitation 22
2.1.5 Extractionofcharacteristicparameters 23
2.2 Periodicboundaryconditions 24
2.2.1 FundamentalchallengesinPBC 24
2.2.2 OverviewofvariousPBCs 25
2.2.3 Constantk methodforscatteringanalysis 26
x
2.3 Guidedwaveanalysis 30
2.3.1 Problemstatement 30
2.3.2 Brillouinzoneforperiodicwaveguides 31
2.3.3 Examples 33
2.4 Planewavescatteringanalysis 37
2.4.1 Problemstatement 38
2.4.2 Planewaveexcitation 39
2.4.3 Examples 41
vi Contents
2.5 Aunifiedapproach:hybridFDTD/ARMAmethod 45
2.5.1 Aunifiedapproachforguidedwaveandscatteringanalysis 45
2.5.2 ARMAestimator 49
2.5.3 Examples 51
2.6 Projects 54
3 EBGcharacterizationsandclassifications 59
3.1 ResonantcircuitmodelsforEBGstructures 59
3.1.1 EffectivemediummodelwithlumpedLCelements 59
3.1.2 Transmissionlinemodelforsurfacewaves 61
3.1.3 Transmissionlinemodelforplanewaves 62
3.2 Graphicrepresentationoffrequencybandgap 63
3.2.1 FDTDmodel 63
3.2.2 Nearfielddistributionsinsideandoutsidethefrequencyband
gap 65
3.3 Frequencybandgapforsurfacewavepropagation 67
3.3.1 Dispersiondiagram 67
3.3.2 Surfacewavebandgap 68
3.4 In-phasereflectionforplanewaveincidence 69
3.4.1 Reflectionphase 69
3.4.2 EBGreflectionphase:normalincidence 70
3.4.3 EBGreflectionphase:obliqueincidence 71
3.5 Softandhardsurfaces 74
3.5.1 Impedanceandreflectioncoefficientofaperiodicgroundplane 75
3.5.2 Softandhardoperations 77
3.5.3 Examples 80
3.6 ClassificationsofvariousEBGstructures 84
3.7 Project 85
4 DesignsandoptimizationsofEBGstructures 87
4.1 Parametricstudyofamushroom-likeEBGstructure 87
4.1.1 Patchwidtheffect 87
4.1.2 Gapwidtheffect 89
4.1.3 Substratethicknesseffect 89
4.1.4 Substratepermittivityeffect 90
4.2 Comparisonofmushroomanduni-planarEBGdesigns 91
4.3 Polarization-dependentEBGsurfacedesigns 95
4.3.1 RectangularpatchEBGsurface 95
4.3.2 SlotloadedEBGsurface 97
4.3.3 EBGsurfacewithoffsetvias 97
4.3.4 Anexampleapplication:PDEBGreflector 99
4.4 CompactspiralEBGdesigns 103
4.4.1 Singlespiraldesign 103
Contents vii
4.4.2 Doublespiraldesign 105
4.4.3 Four-armspiraldesign 105
4.5 DuallayerEBGdesigns 107
4.6 Particleswarmoptimization(PSO)ofEBGstructures 112
4.6.1 Particleswarmoptimization:aframework 112
4.6.2 Optimizationforadesiredfrequencywitha+90◦reflection
phase 113
4.6.3 OptimizationforaminiaturizedEBGstructure 117
4.6.4 GeneralstepsofEBGoptimizationproblemsusingPSO 118
4.7 AdvancedEBGsurfacedesigns 120
4.7.1 SpacefillingcurveEBGdesigns 120
4.7.2 Multi-bandEBGsurfacedesigns 120
4.7.3 TunableEBGsurfacedesigns 120
4.8 Projects 124
5 PatchantennaswithEBGstructures 127
5.1 Patchantennasonhighpermittivitysubstrate 127
5.2 Gainenhancementofasinglepatchantenna 130
5.2.1 PatchantennasurroundedbyEBGstructures 130
5.2.2 Circularlypolarizedpatchantennadesign 132
5.2.3 VariousEBGpatchantennadesigns 136
5.3 Mutualcouplingreductionofapatcharray 138
5.3.1 Mutualcouplingbetweenpatchantennasonhighdielectric
constantsubstrate 139
5.3.2 MutualcouplingreductionbytheEBGstructure 142
5.3.3 Moredesignexamples 147
5.4 EBGpatchantennaapplications 149
5.4.1 EBGpatchantennaforhighprecisionGPSapplications 149
5.4.2 EBGpatchantennaforwearableelectronics 149
5.4.3 EBGpatchantennasinphasedarraysforscanblindness
elimination 151
5.5 Projects 153
6 LowprofilewireantennasonEBGgroundplane 156
6.1 DipoleantennaonEBGgroundplane 156
6.1.1 ComparisonofPEC,PMC,andEBGgroundplanes 156
6.1.2 Operationalbandwidthselection 158
6.1.3 Parametricstudies 161
6.2 Lowprofileantennas:wire-EBGantennavs.patchantenna 164
6.2.1 Twotypesoflowprofileantennas 164
6.2.2 Performancecomparisonbetweenwire-EBGandpatch
antennas 166
6.2.3 Adualbandwire-EBGantennadesign 169
viii Contents
6.3 CircularlypolarizedcurlantennaonEBGgroundplane 171
6.3.1 PerformanceofcurlantennasoverPECandEBGgroundplanes 172
6.3.2 ParametricstudiesofcurlantennasovertheEBGsurface 175
6.3.3 Experimentaldemonstration 178
6.4 DipoleantennaonaPDEBGgroundplaneforcircularpolarization 180
6.4.1 RadiationmechanismofCPdipoleantenna 181
6.4.2 Experimentalresults 182
6.5 Reconfigurablebentmonopolewithradiationpatterndiversity 185
6.5.1 BentmonopoleantennaonEBGgroundplane 186
6.5.2 Reconfigurabledesignforone-dimensionalbeamswitch 188
6.5.3 Reconfigurabledesignfortwo-dimensionalbeamswitch 191
6.6 Printeddipoleantennawithasemi-EBGgroundplane 191
6.6.1 DipoleantennaneartheedgeofaPECgroundplane 193
6.6.2 Enhancedperformanceofdipoleantennaneartheedgeofan
EBGgroundplane 194
6.6.3 Printeddipoleantennawithasemi-EBGgroundplane 195
6.7 Summary 200
6.8 Projects 200
7 Surfacewaveantennas 203
7.1 Agroundedslabloadedwithperiodicpatches 203
7.1.1 Comparisonoftwoartificialgroundplanes 203
7.1.2 Surfacewavesinthegroundedslabwithperiodicpatchloading 206
7.2 Dipole-fedsurfacewaveantennas 209
7.2.1 Performanceofalowprofiledipoleonapatch-loadedgrounded
slab 209
7.2.2 Radiationmechanism:thesurfacewaveantenna 212
7.2.3 Effectofthefiniteartificialgroundplane 215
7.2.4 Comparisonbetweenthesurfacewaveantennaandvertical
monopoleantenna 217
7.3 Patch-fedsurfacewaveantennas 217
7.3.1 Comparisonbetweenacircularmicrostripantennaanda
patch-fedSWA 218
7.3.2 Experimentaldemonstration 223
7.4 Dualbandsurfacewaveantenna 223
7.4.1 Crosspatch-fedsurfacewaveantenna 226
7.4.2 Modifiedcrosspatch-fedsurfacewaveantennafordualband
operation 228
7.5 Projects 236
Appendix:EBGliteraturereview 238
Index 261