Electrochemistry for Bioanalysis

332 Pages·2021·18.777 MB·English

by  Bhavik A. Patel

Electrochemistry for
Bioanalysis

Electrochemistry for
Bioanalysis
Bhavik A. Patel
Professor of Clinical and Bioanalytical
Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Stress and
Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton,
Brighton, UK
Elsevier
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Contents
Contributors ix
1 Introduction to electrochemistry for bioanalysis 1
Bhavik A. Patel
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Bioanalysis 1
1.3 Principles of electrochemistry 4
Summary 8
Further reading 8
2 Amperometry and potential step techniques 9
Bhavik A. Patel
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Principles 10
2.3 Strengths and limitations 14
2.4 Applications 16
2.5 Summary 25
References 26
3 Voltammetry 27
B. Jill. Venton, Dana J. DiScenza
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Principles 28
3.3 Strengths and limitations 30
3.4 Applications 33
3.5 Summary 46
References 46
4 Microelectrodes and nanoelectrodes 51
Bhavik A. Patel
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Carbon fiber microelectrodes 53
4.3 Microelectrode arrays 63
4.4 Nanoelectrodes 67
4.5 Summary 70
References 70
vi Contents
5 Novel sensing materials and manufacturing approaches 73
Bhavik A. Patel
5.1 Introduction 74
5.2 Novel carbon materials for generation of electrodes 74
5.3 Carbon composite electrodes 88
5.4 3D printing for development of electrodes 92
5.5 Summary 97
References 97
6 Experimental design – challenges in conducting electrochemical
measurements for bioanalysis 99
Bhavik A. Patel
6.1 Key factors that influence bioanalytical measurements 99
6.2 Electrode and instrumentation variables 102
6.3 Experimental variables 114
6.4 Biological environment 118
6.5 Summary 122
References 122
7 Electrochemistry at and in single cells 125
Alex S. Lima, Chaoyi Gu, Keke Hu, Andrew G. Ewing
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 General introduction of exocytosis 126
7.3 Basic history at electrochemistry at/in cells 127
7.4 Electrodes for single cell and subcellular analysis 128
7.5 Cellular techniques to study exocytotic neurotransmitter release 129
7.6 Dynamics of exocytotic release revealed through interpretation
of single-cell amperometric data 132
7.7 Modeling exocytosis and closing of the fusion pore 134
7.8 Applications of amperometry in neuroscience research 136
7.9 Intracellular electrochemistry 137
7.10 Measurements of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
(ROS/RNS) at/in single cells 143
7.11 Enzyme-based electrodes for single cell analysis 150
7.12 Scanning electrochemical microcopy (SECM) at single cells 152
7.13 Summary 154
References 154
8 Measurement from ex vivo tissues 161
Bhavik A. Patel
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Ex vivo tissues – what are they? 162
8.3 Experimental considerations for measuring ex vivo tissues 164
8.4 Studies conducted using ex vivo tissues 168
8.5 Measurements from ex vivo organs from simple biological models 185
Contents vii
8.6 Future directions 190
8.7 Summary 190
References 191
9 In vivo electrochemistry 195
Aya Abdalla
9.1 Introduction 195
9.2 What are in vivo measurements? 196
9.3 Strengths and limitations of in vivo experimentation 196
9.4 Criteria for ideal in vivo measurements 197
9.5 Electrochemical techniques 198
9.6 Experimental optimization for acute and chronic in vivo
measurement 201
9.7 Measurements in vivo 208
9.8 Measurements in different regions of the body 216
9.9 Summary and future directions 216
References 217
10 Measurement in biological fluids 223
Bhavik A. Patel
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 Different biological fluids 224
10.3 Blood 224
10.4 Urine 234
10.5 Saliva 237
10.6 Sweat 238
10.7 Interstitial fluid 240
10.8 Tear fluid 240
10.9 Future directions 242
10.10 Summary 243
References 243
11 Measurement of reactive chemical species 247
Bhavik A. Patel
11.1 Introduction 247
11.2 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 248
11.3 Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) 249
11.4 Role of ROS/RNS in biology 251
11.5 Electrochemistry of ROS/RNS 252
11.6 Electrode modifications to measure ROS/RNS 254
11.7 Measurement of reactive species from biological environments 260
11.8 Summary 264
References 264
viii Contents
12 Electrochemical biosensors 267
Bhavik A. Patel
12.1 Introduction 267
12.2 Types of enzymatic biosensors 268
12.3 Immobilization of enzymes on electrode surfaces 272
12.4 Factors that influence the performance of biosensor measurements 274
12.5 Application of biosensors 277
12.6 Summary 282
Further reading 283
References 283
13 Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) 285
Andrew Danis, Janine Mauzeroll
13.1 Electrogenerated chemiluminescence introduction 285
13.2 Electrochemistry and ECL 288
13.3 Electron transfer theory and ECL 291
13.4 ECL history 294
13.5 ECL instrumentation 299
13.6 ECL simulation 301
13.7 ECL materials development 303
13.8 Conclusions and perspectives 306
References 306
Index 315
Contributors
Bhavik A. Patel School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for
Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
B. Jill. Venton Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia, United States
Dana J. DiScenza Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia, United States
Alex S. Lima Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Chaoyi Gu Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Keke Hu Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
Andrew G. Ewing Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Aya Abdalla School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Stress and
Age-Related Disease and Surface Analysis Laboratory, School of Environment and
Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
Andrew Danis Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec,
Canada
Janine Mauzeroll Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec,
Canada