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Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors PDF

403 Pages·2015·3.22 MB·English
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ELECTROCHEMICAL POWER SOURCES THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES ECS-The Electrochemical Society 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 http://www.electrochem.org A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume. ELECTROCHEMICAL POWER SOURCES Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors VLADIMIRS.BAGOTSKY ALEXANDERM.SKUNDIN YURIJM.VOLFKOVICH Copyright©2015byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax (978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshould beaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ 07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor authorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedto special,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat (317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Bagotskii,V.S.(VladimirSergeevich) Electrochemicalpowersources:batteries,fuelcells,andsupercapacitors/VladimirS.Bagotsky, AlexanderM.Skundin,YurijVM.Volfkovich. 1onlineresource. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. DescriptionbasedonprintversionrecordandCIPdataprovidedbypublisher;resourcenotviewed. ISBN978-1-118-94253-6(epub)–ISBN978-1-118-94251-2(pdf)–ISBN978-1-118-46023-8(cloth) 1. Electricbatteries.2. Fuelcells.3. Supercapacitors.I.Skundin,A.M.II.Volfkovich,YurijV.,1940- III.Title. TK2896 621.31′242–dc23 2014023307 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 DedicatedtoProfessorV.S.Bagotsky. CONTENTS FOREWORD xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii PREFACE xix SYMBOLS xxi ABBREVATIONS xxiii INTRODUCTION xxv PARTI BATTERIESWITHAQUEOUSELECTROLYTES 1 1 GENERALASPECTS 3 1.1 Definition, 3 1.2 Current-ProducingChemicalReaction, 3 1.3 Classification, 5 1.4 ThermodynamicAspects, 6 1.5 HistoricalDevelopment, 8 1.6 Nomenclature, 9 ReviewsandMonographs, 10 viii CONTENTS 2 MAINBATTERYTYPES 11 2.1 ElectrochemicalSystems, 11 2.2 Leclanché(Zinc–Carbon)Batteries, 12 2.3 TheZincElectrodeinAlkalineSolutions, 14 2.4 AlkalineManganese–ZincBatteries, 14 2.5 LeadAcidBatteries, 17 2.6 AlkalineNickelStorageBatteries, 20 2.7 Silver–ZincBatteries, 23 References, 24 MonographsandReviews, 25 3 PERFORMANCE 27 3.1 ElectricalCharacteristicsofBatteries, 27 3.2 ElectricalCharacteristicsofStorageBatteries, 30 3.3 ComparativeCharacteristics, 30 3.4 OperationalCharacteristics, 31 References, 32 4 MISCELLANEOUSBATTERIES 33 4.1 Mercury–ZincBatteries, 33 4.2 CompoundBatteries, 34 4.3 BatterieswithWaterasReactant, 37 4.4 StandardCells, 38 4.5 ReserveBatteries, 39 Reference, 41 ReviewsandMonographs, 41 5 DESIGNANDTECHNOLOGY 43 5.1 BalanceinBatteries, 43 5.2 ScaleFactors, 44 5.3 Separators, 44 5.4 Sealing, 46 5.5 OhmicLosses, 47 5.6 ThermalProcessesinBatteries, 48 6 APPLICATIONSOFBATTERIES 51 6.1 AutomotiveEquipmentStarterandAuxiliaryBatteries, 51 6.2 TractionBatteries, 52 6.3 StationaryBatteries, 53 6.4 DomesticandPortableSystems, 53 6.5 SpecialApplications, 54

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Electrochemical Power Sources (EPS) provides in a concise way the operational features, major types, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors * Details the design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors * Covers improvements of exis
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