Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience PDF
Preview Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS for NEUROSCIENCE ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS for NEUROSCIENCE Edited by Adrian C. Michael University of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Laura M. Borland University of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number‑10: 0‑8493‑4075‑6 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑0‑8493‑4075‑8 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa‑ tion storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978‑750‑8400. CCC is a not‑for‑profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga‑ nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Electrochemical methods for neuroscience / [edited by] Adrian C. Michael & Laura M. Borland. p. ; cm. ‑‑ (Frontiers in neuroengineering series ; 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN‑13: 978‑0‑8493‑4075‑8 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN‑10: 0‑8493‑4075‑6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Neurochemistry. 2. Electrochemical analysis. I. Michael, Adrian C. II. Borland, Laura M. III. Title. IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Electrochemistry‑‑methods. 2. Neurochemistry‑‑methods. 3. Biosensing Techniques‑‑methods. 4. Neurotransmitter Agents‑‑metabolism. QD 115 E379 2007] QP356.3.E44 2007 612.8’042‑‑dc22 2006031628 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Series Preface TheFrontiersinNeuroengineeringseriespresentstheinsightsofexpertsonemergingexperimental techniquesandtheoreticalconceptsthatareorwillbeatthevanguardofneuroscience.Booksinthe seriescovertopicsrangingfrommethodstoinvestigateapoptosistomoderntechniquesforneural ensemble recordings in behaving animals. The series also covers new and exciting multidisci- plinary areas of brain research, such as computational neuroscience and neuroengineering, and describes breakthroughs in fields like insect sensory neuroscience, primate audition, and biome- dical engineering. The goal is for this series to be the reference that every neuroscientist uses in order to get acquainted with new methodologies in brain research. These books can be given to graduatestudentsandpostdoctoralfellowswhentheyarelookingforguidancetostartanewlineof research. Eachbookiseditedbyanexpertandconsistsofchapterswrittenbytheleadersinaparticular field. Books are richly illustrated and contain comprehensive bibliographies. Chapters provide substantial background material relevant to the particular subject. Hence, they are not the usual typeofmethodbooks.Theycontaindetailed“tricksofthetrade”andinformationastowherethese methodscanbesafelyapplied.Inaddition,theyincludeinformationaboutwheretobuyequipment and web sites helpful in solving both practical and theoretical problems. Finally, they present detailed discussionsof the present knowledge ofthe field andwhere it should go. Wehopethat,asthevolumesbecomeavailable,theeffortputinbyus,thepublisher,thebook editors,andtheindividualauthorswillcontributetothefurtherdevelopmentofbrainresearch.The extent to which we achieve this goal will be determinedby the utility ofthese books. SidneyA.Simon, Ph.D. Miguel A.L. Nicolelis, M.D., Ph.D. Series Editors 4075—15168——9/11/2006—14:21—THIRAVIAGURU—XMLMODELC–pp.1–17 Preface Electrochemicalmethodsofanalysisaremorefrequentlyplayingacentralroleinachievingoneof theprimeobjectivesofneuroscienceresearch,theunderstandingoftheroleofspecificneurotrans- mitters in normal brain function and the pathophysiology of central nervous system disorders. About thirty five years ago, Ralph N. Adams at the University of Kansas took the first step of implantingacarbonmicroelectrodeintothebrainofaratinanefforttomeasuretheextracellular concentration of catecholamine neurotransmitters. Subsequent years were spent sorting out the meanings of electrochemical responses observed under various experimental conditions and reliable identification of what was being detected was accomplished by the time that Jay Justice summarized the field in his 1987 volume Voltammetry in the Neurosciences. Technical progress continuedthroughthe1990stothisday,leadingtoadvancesinthecontributionofelectrochemical methods to the understanding of brain function. The efforts of numerous research groups, many represented in the chapters of this book, have enhanced the sensitivity, selectivity and spatio- temporal resolution of electrochemical techniques tothe point that they now provideinformation that is not accessible by any other means. The objective of this book is to provide the interested readerwithanupdatedsummaryofthepresent,albeitstillevolving,stateoftheartandtoestablish thebasisuponwhichtoreachsounddecisionsaboutincorporatingelectrochemicaltechniquesinto ongoingor newly emerging researchprograms inthe neuroscience disciplines. We are indebted to many individuals without whom this volume would not have reached fruition. We are certainly grateful to the series editors, Sid Simon and Miguel Nicolelis, for encouraging us to embark upon this project. Sid’s enthusiasm is unrelenting, to say the least! WearealsogratefultoBarbaraNorwitzandJillJurgensenofTaylor&Francisfortheirassistance, encouragement,andpatience.Finally,itgoeswithoutsayingthatthisvolumewouldnothavebeen completed were it not for the willing efforts of the contributing authors. We apologize to the numerous groups making invaluable contributions to the field whom we were unable to invite to contributeachapter.Itwasnotourobjectivetocoverthefieldexhaustively,butrathertoprovidea samplingthatwouldintroduceandorientthenewcomertothefundamentalaspectsandapplications ofelectrochemistry in the neurosciences. Adrian C.Michael Laura M. Borland 4075—15168——9/11/2006—14:21—THIRAVIAGURU—XMLMODELC–pp.1–17 Editors AdrianC.Michaelbeganhiscareerinelectrochemistryasagraduatestudentinthelaboratoryof JosephB.Justice,Jr.,intheDepartmentofChemistryatEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia.He held postdoctoral positions with R. Mark Wightman in the Department of Chemistry at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, and with Adam Heller in the Department of Chemical and PetroleumEngineeringattheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Texas.Hehasbeenamemberofthe Department of Chemistry and the Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh since 1990. His research group applies voltammetry to in vivo measurements of dopamine and has developedenzyme-modifiedmicroelectrodesfortheinvivoamperometricdetectionofglutamate. He is an active member of the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, which organizes the annual Pittcon Conference and Exposition. He is also an active member ofthe Societyfor Analytical Chemistsof Pittsburgh. Laura M. Borland obtained her Ph.D. in the Department of Chemistry at the University of PittsburghunderthedirectionofAdrianMichael.Atthetimethisbiographywasprepared,shewas apostdoctoralfellowinthelaboratoryofNancyAllbrittonattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine, California. 4075—15168——9/11/2006—14:21—THIRAVIAGURU—XMLMODELC–pp.1–17
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